Seneca Stress

김효영 사단법인 한국언어학회 2002 언어학 Vol.0 No.31

이 논문에서 주장하고자 하는 것은 두 가지 이다. 첫째, Kager (1993)가 음절을 세어 약강격 음보를 형성하는 언어의 하나로 분류한 세네카 (Seneca)어가 음절의 무게에 따라 강세를 강약격으로 주는 언어임을 보이는 것이다. 둘째, 세네카어가 음절을 세는 약강 음보 언어가 아니면, 결과적으로 Kager의 음보 목록에서 음절을 세는 약강 음보의 설정 근거가 약하다는 주장이다. 왜냐 하면 약강 음보를 갖는 언어는 세 개의 언어뿐이고, 그 중 이딘 (Yidin)어는 김효영(1999)에 의하면 강약격 음보로 분석이 더 용이하고, 애로캐니언 (Araucanian)어는 4 쪽 짜리 논문의 반 쪽 만이 강세를 다루는 등 자료가 불충분하기 때문이다.

[김효영의 In 笙] 2020, 막을 내리며

김효영 리음아트앤컴퍼니 2020 월간리뷰 Vol.2020 No.12

Fabrication of the novel Fe2+αO3+α–CoFe2O4 composite fibers and their magnetic properties

김효영,박혜경,Ju Young-Wan 한국세라믹학회 2020 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.57 No.4

Soft-hard magnetic composites have attracted much attention as magnetic materials for permanent magnets due to high coercivity and saturation magnetization in various fi elds such as motor, storage device and magnetic actuators. Hard magnetic materials with low saturation magnetization improve magnetic properties through exchange coupling eff ect with soft magnetic materials. Rare earth metals, which are used as magnetic materials in permanent magnetic, have issued such as high cost due to resource scarcity. Transition metals have been used for fabricating magnetic material with high magnetic properties due to low cost and abundant in the resource. Spinel magnetic materials with transition metals have excellent chemical, thermal stability, large magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic properties. Composite magnetic materials in one dimensional (1D) morphology are eff ective in improving coercivity. In this work, soft-hard composite fi ber has been fabricated by electrospinning method using iron oxide as soft magnetic material and cobalt ferrite as hard magnetic material. The change in the oxidation state of iron oxide can be controlled with sintering atmosphere and infl uences on the magnetic properties. In comparing with simple CoFe 2 O 4 , the fabricated Fe 3 O 4 –CoFe 2 O 4 exhibits excellent saturation magnetization of 133.63 emu g −1 and enhanced coercivity of 2746.9 Oe.

북한의 반체제운동30년사 31인에 의해 올려진 봉화

김효영 북한연구소 1977 北韓 Vol.- No.72

Towards a Simpler Foot Inventory:An OT Account of Cayuga Stress

김효영 한국중원언어학회 2018 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.46

The major goal of this article is to re-examine the stress system of Cayuga, which has been analyzed mainly with the iamb, and argue that the system is not iambic but trochaic. The proposal is based on 1) the rarity of the languages with the syllable as the counting unit, 2) the rarity of the languages with the iamb as the parsing foot, 3) disagreement on the parsing foot of Cayuga among researchers, and 4) the change of Cayuga’s parsing foot from the trochee to the iamb. Finally, the paper will propose an Optimality theoretic account for the Cayuga stress. Dealing Cayuga with the trochee offers the metrical theory a significant insight; that is, it can contribute to a simpler foot inventory consisting only of the trochees. The current foot inventories disagree on iambic foot types and research has reported iambic languages are fewer in number than trochaic languages. Besides, some apparent iambic languages have been proven to be better analyzed with the trochee.

말기암환자 완화의료 전문기관 운영 지원비 사용 평가

김효영,유은실,김열,공경애,송혜영,최진영,Kim, Hyo-Young,Yoo, Eun-Sil,Kim, Yeol,Kong, Kyoung-Ae,Song, Hye-Young,Choi, Jin-Young 한국호스피스완화의료학회 2011 한국호스피스.완화의료학회지 Vol.14 No.4

Purpose: Since 2005, the Ministry of Health & Welfare has provided financial support to promote palliative care for terminal cancer patients. We analyzed how palliative care facilities used the funding between 2006 and 2010. Methods: Frequency analysis was conducted by the item of expenditure based on fiscal reports of the palliative care facilities. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine a trend over time. Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to compare expenditure items, the number of provision of financial support and type of palliative care units. Results: About a half of the fund was spent to pay care givers salary, improve facilities and purchase equipment regardless of the year, the number of financial support provided or facility type. By year, the operation cost for palliative care program and the education cost for health care workers have significantly increased in linear regression analysis (P<0.01). However, the amount of financial support for the low income group has decreased over years (P=0.024). This trend was affected by evaluation criteria and weight. Conclusion: The government aid for palliative care units has been used to improve facilities and equipment. Moreover, desirable changes were noted such as a higher portion of expenses for program operation and care giver training to enhance the quality of care. However, the evaluation criteria need to be adjusted to prevent any further decrease in the support provided to the low income group. 목적: 본 연구는 완화의료 활성화 및 서비스 질 향상이라는 정책적 목표를 위하여 2005년부터 완화의료 전문기관에 지원된 운영비가 구체적으로 어떻게 사용되고 있는지 연도별, 지원 횟수별 그리고 종별로 현황을 파악하고, 지원사업의 효과성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 지원 대상 기관이 제출한 사업비 정산 보고서를 토대로 운영비의 비목별 사용 비율을 빈도분석 하였다. 연도별 추세를 파악하기 위해 선형회귀분석을 실시하였고, 지원받은 횟수별, 기관 종별에 따른 완화의료 전문 기관 운영비의 비목별 사용액에 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위해 추리통계방법인 Kruskal-Wallis Test와 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test를 이용하였다. 결과: 연도별 분석에서, 프로그램 운영비와 교육 훈련비 및 홍보비에 대한 지출 비율은 지속적으로 증가한 것으로 나타났다(P<0.001). 그러나 저소득층 지원비는 감소하는 추세를 보였다(P=0.024). 연도별 지원받은 횟수별 의료기관 종별에 관계없이 운영비의 절반가량을 인건비, 시설비, 장비비 등의 하드웨어 마련에 사용하고 있었다. 결론: 정부의 완화의료 활성화 지원사업은 장비와 시설 개선 그리고 서비스 질 향상을 위한 활동에 지원금이 꾸준히 사용되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 당해 사업의 평가 기준이 기관의 운영비 사용 흐름에 영향을 주는 것으로 보이는데, 이에 따라 환자 가족을 위한 프로그램 운영과 전문가 교육 훈련에 대한 지출 비율이 늘어나고 있어 서비스 질 향상 위한 바람직한 변화로 보인다. 다만, 평가 기준 조정을 통해 감소하고 있는 저소득층 지원 비율을 향상시킬 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

Vowel Quality and Geminates in English

김효영 한국언어학회 2010 언어 Vol.35 No.2

Kim, Hyo‐young. 2010. Vowel Quality and Geminates in English. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 35-2, 371-380. This paper attempts to find supporting evidence for Rice’s (1996) and many others’ argument that the low vowels, [æ] and [ɑ], as in banana and teriyaki, are heavier enough to attract stress than non‐low vowels, and thus they are less likely to be followed by a geminate consonant even when they occur in penultimate stressed syllable than the other singleton vowels in English. To find whether the claims are backed up, I examined words with three and four syllables from the CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock and Gulikers 1995). The results of examination show that judging exclusively from the consonant doubling in tri‐and quadric syllabic words, the high vowel [ɪ] rather than low vowels seems to be heavier than the others since it can easily get stressed in the light penultimate syllable even without consonant doubling. These findings are somewhat contradictory to previous claims; [ɪ] is a high vowel; both phonological and phonetic phenomena have suggested that low vowels would be heavier or have more moras than non low vowels. (Kookmin University)

Prediction of Genes Related to Positive Selection Using Whole-Genome Resequencing in Three Commercial Pig Breeds

김효영,Kelsey Caetano-Anolles,서민석,권영진,조서애,서강석,김희발 한국유전체학회 2015 Genomics & informatics Vol.13 No.4

Selective sweep can cause genetic differentiation across populations, which allows for the identification of possible causative regions/genes underlying important traits. The pig has experienced a long history of allele frequency changes through artificial selection in the domestication process. We obtained an average of 329,482,871 sequence reads for 24 pigs from three pig breeds: Yorkshire (n = 5), Landrace (n = 13), and Duroc (n = 6). An average read depth of 11.7 was obtained using whole-genome resequencing on an Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. In this study, cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity and cross-population composite likelihood ratio tests were implemented to detect genes experiencing positive selection for the genome-wide resequencing data generated from three commercial pig breeds. In our results, 26, 7, and 14 genes from Yorkshire, Landrace, and Duroc, respectively were detected by two kinds of statistical tests. Significant evidence for positive selection was identified on genes ST6GALNAC2 and EPHX1 in Yorkshire, PARK2 in Landrace, and BMP6, SLA-DQA1, and PRKG1 in Duroc.These genes are reportedly relevant to lactation, reproduction, meat quality, and growth traits. To understand how these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related positive selection affect protein function, we analyzed the effect of non-synonymous SNPs. Three SNPs (rs324509622, rs80931851, and rs80937718) in the SLA-DQA1 gene were significant in the enrichment tests, indicating strong evidence for positive selection in Duroc. Our analyses identified genes under positive selection for lactation, reproduction, and meat-quality and growth traits in Yorkshire, Landrace, and Duroc, respectively.

A Study on Stress of Words with Stressed Suffixes

김효영 새한영어영문학회 2010 새한영어영문학 Vol.52 No.2

This paper has two aims. The first is to critically review the previous accounts of words with stressed suffixes, -ary/-ory, -ative, and -atory. The previous analyses to be reviewed are Halle and Vergnaud (1987), Burzio (1994), and Halle (1998). The second aim is to propose an alternative account of them using universal tools proposed for mono-morphemic words by Kim (2000). The mechanisms employed for the account include four constraints, silent beats and Tone-linking. The constraints are Trochee, Foot Binarity, PreParse-2, and Weight-Stress (WS). Previous analyses lack universality of the theoretical constructs and they are complex. Other metrical models such as Hayes (1980, 1995) and Hammond (1999) do not deal with the words ending in stressed suffixes at all. The characteristic of the present analysis is to allow flexible footing as long as the four constraints are satisfied by the footing and to require the obligatory satisfaction of these constraints. In these respects the dual-counting foot theory is distinguished from the standard Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993).

Personal Factors that Affect the Satisfaction of Female Patients Undergoing Esthetic Suture after Typical Thyroidectomy

김효영,김정원,박진형,김정현,한예식 대한성형외과학회 2013 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.40 No.4

Background In esthetic surgery, understanding the factors that influence patient satisfaction is important for successful practice. We hypothesize that the factors that influence patient satisfaction include not only aesthetic and functional outcomes, but also personal factors such as the level of familiarity with factors affecting wound healing and expectations regarding aesthetic outcome. Methods One hundred patients who underwent esthetic closure after thyroidectomy were included in this study. In order to evaluate the individual characteristics of the patients, a preoperative survey was administered to the patients. We estimated the patient satisfaction six months postoperatively and assessed the aesthetic and functional outcomes using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. Results According to the results of correlation analysis, level of familiarity with wound healing factors had a positive correlation with satisfaction. High expectations, pain, itching,and high observer scale score had negative correlations with satisfaction. The factors that were correlated with satisfaction were included in the multiple regression analysis. Level of familiarity with wound healing factors was found to have a positive relationship with satisfaction, while itching and observer scale were found to have a negative relationship with satisfaction. After excluding 10 patients who had hypertrophic scars, only level of familiarity with wound healing factors and expectations affected satisfaction. Conclusions The level of familiarity with factors affecting wound healing and expectations were found to independently affect satisfaction. Improving patients’ level of familiarity with wound healing factors and reducing their expectations by providing suitable preoperative education has the potential to improve patient satisfaction.