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Water Mist Fire Suppression for Raised Subfloor Spaces
Kim,Woon-Hyung,Kim,James A,Milke 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-
Over 100 experiments have been conducted at the University of Maryland to evaluate the performance of a water mist fire suppression system for protection of an interstitial space below a raised subfloor. Experiments are conducted as part of an ongoing research effort to compare the fire suppression capabilities of various water mist system designs in a raised subfloor space. Water mist system design parameters considered in the investigation include means of actuation, concentration of water mist required for extinguishment of fires, and delivery mechanisms of water mist within close proximity to the fire. Delivery of the required concentration of water mist within close proximity to the fire is a principal factor governing the adequacy of water mist systems. Two sets of experiments have been conducted to document the performance of water mist system designs. One set is involved in documenting the concentration of water mist as a function of position within the space. The second set of experiments is concerned with the ability of water mist system designs to control fires in the space. One result of the research is the assessment of the ability of a water mist system to control fires at particular locations as a function of water mist density at that location.
김무강,James C.S.Kim 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2
Histologic Demonstration of Siliceous Materials in Simian Lung Mite Infected Lung Tissues by MicroincinerationJames C. S. Kim and Moo-kang Kim1,*President, Diagnostic Forum, New Jersey, USA1College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gungdong, Yusong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, KoreaReceived April 13, 2003 / Accepted July 18, 2003J. Vet. Sci. (2003), 4(2), 117-123JOURNAL OFVeterinaryScience*Corresponding author: Moo-kang Kim College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea Tel: +82-42-821-6752, Fax: +82-42-825-6752 E-mail: mgkm@cnu.ac.kr
Kim,Woon-Hyung,James G,Quintiere 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-
Flame spread and heat release properties and incident heat flux of interior materials subject to an igniter heat flux in a compartment are investigated and compared by using computer model. A comer fire ignition source is maintained for 10 minutes at 100 kw and subsequently increased to 300kw. In executing the model, base-line material properties are selected and one is changed for each run. Also 4 different igniter heat flux conditions and examined. Results are compared for the 12 different materials tested by the ISO Room Comer Test (9705). The time for total energy release rate to reach 1MW is examined. The parameters considered include flame heat flux and thermal inertia, lateral flame spread parameter, heat of combustion and effective heat of gasfication. The model can show the importance of each property in causing fire growth on interior Hnish materials in a compartment. The effect of ignitor heat flux and material property effects were demonstrated by using dimensionless parameters a, b and Tb. Results show that for b greater than about zero, flashover time in the ISO Room-Corner test is principally proportional to ignition time and nothing more.
Kim, Hyun-A.,Lee, Byung-Tae,Na, So-Young,Kim, Kyoung-Woong,Ranville, James F.,Kim, Soon-Oh,Jo, Eunhye,Eom, Ig-Chun Elsevier 2017 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.171 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was applied to characterize the aggregates of AgNPs. was applied to characterize the aggregates of AgNPs. Two sizes of citrate-AgNPs and PVP-AgNPs were used at relatively high and predicted environmental concentrations under various ionic strengths. Citrate-AgNP aggregated with increases in the ionic strength, whereas PVP-AgNPs were sterically stable. The critical coagulation concentrations were 85 mM and 100 mM NaNO<SUB>3</SUB> for 60 nm and 100 nm citrate-AgNPs at 2 mg L<SUP>−1</SUP> as total Ag obtained by dynamic light scattering (DLS). At 2 mg L<SUP>−1</SUP> as total Ag, the mass of an aggregate gradually increased with increasing ionic strength for both citrate-AgNP during spICP-MS analyses. The average number of single particles derived from the mass in an aggregate was calculated to be 8.68 and 5.95 for 60 nm and 100 nm citrate-AgNPs at 85 mM and 100 mM NaNO<SUB>3</SUB>, respectively after 2 h. The mass fractal dimensions were determined to be 2.97 and 2.83, further implying that the aggregate structures were very rigid and compact. Only marginal increases in the average mass and number of single particles in the aggregate units were found during 24 h under environmentally relevant AgNP concentrations. The average number of single particles constituting an aggregate unit for 60 nm and 100 nm citrate-AgNPs was 1.24 and 1.37 after 24 h at a high ionic strength. These results indicate that under environmentally relevant conditions, the collision frequency is predominant in the aggregation and that NPs are likely to encounter natural colloids such as clay and organic matter to form hetero-aggregates.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> spICP-MS was recommended for characterization of silver nanoparticle aggregates. </LI> <LI> The gradually increase of mass in an aggregate was observed in spICP-MS analysis. </LI> <LI> The number of single particles in an aggregate was calculated based on the mass. </LI> <LI> The aggregates structures are characterized by mass fractal dimension. </LI> </UL> </P>
Nano-textured surfaces using hybrid micro- and nano-materials for efficient water cooling
Kim, Min-Woo,Kim, Tae Gun,Jo, Hong Seok,Lee, Jong-Gun,James, Scott C.,Choi, Mun Seok,Kim, Woo Yeong,Yang, Jae Sin,Choi, Jeehoon,Yoon, Sam S. Elsevier 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER - Vol.123 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Water cooling heat transfer was enhanced by texturing the heated surface with various micro- and nano-materials. The increased surface area by texturing facilitated not only enhanced convection, but also turbulent mixing, which increased the effective heat-transfer coefficient. A heated copper substrate was textured with electroplated copper oxide, sprayed silver nanowire, or sprayed copper micro-particles. Sprayed micro-particles were subsequently nano-textured by sand blasting with kanthal (Mo<SUB>2</SUB>Si) nanoparticles. Because of the extremely high hardness of kanthal, sand blasting dimpled the surface to increase the total surface area. Optimal texturing was identified for each material. Hybrid cases combining two different texturing materials were also investigated. All cases were quantitatively compared and that with the highest effective heat transfer was identified. Texturing materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The coating methods are simple, rapid, and scalable and may be cost-effective texturing schemes for various electronics cooling applications.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Water cooling heat transfer was enhanced by texturing the heated surface with various micro- and nano-materials. </LI> <LI> The increased surface area enhanced convection and turbulent mixing. </LI> <LI> A substrate was textured with electroplated copper oxide, sprayed silver nanowire or sprayed copper micro-particles. </LI> <LI> The texturing methods are appropriate for electronics cooling applications because of their simplicity and scalability. </LI> </UL> </P>