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- 저자 : 조양호 (검색결과 19 건)
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조양호 仁川大學校 敎育大學院 2004 국내석사
With the introduction of western grammatical methodology, the classification of intransitive verbs and transitive verbs of Japanese was accompanied with the modern linguistic studies. It was inspired by Motori Haruniwa's study, passed to Otsuki, and has lasted. In spite of Yamada's criticism against such classification based on western grammar, Sakuma, Matsusita, Mikami have kept on studying on intransitive verbs and transitive verbs. I begin with a classification of intransitive verbs and transitive verbs relating to their meaning. Generally intransitive verbs become certain condition by themselves or take the initiative in doing something. Most of the transitive verbs have the transitiveness, in which a doer affects another object. While all verbs are divided into intransitive verbs and transitive verbs, further items like absolute intransitive verbs and transitive verbs, relative intransitive verbs and transitive verbs, and double verbs can be added to the list. I will consider these categories into 3 parts in greater detail, concentrating on the difference of the expression in sentences and dialogues. First, in the intransitive expression, a speaker pays attention to the only object which undergoes a change ; in the transitive one, to both the object and the doer who brings to a change. Second, the intransitive expression is thought to be relieved of its responsibility for the changed condition since it pays attention to the very object, not the doer's behavior. On the other hand, the transitive one is thought to be responsible for the doer's behavior due to the speaker's attention to the behavior. Third, the intransitive verbs represent unintentional and accidental behavior which happens naturally ; the transitive verbs, intentional and willful one. However, the transitive verbs are used in such a case that behavior involves a part of his body or his own property as an object or produces an unwanted result or loss even in spite of unintentional behavior. Moreover I will compare the expression of Japanese with that of Korean. Because of the similarity of syntax construction such as the arrangement or vocabulary in both languages, the expression of intransitive verbs and transitive verbs often corresponds to each other in a basic and simple sentence. Nevertheless the Japanese transitive verb expression corresponds to the Korean intransitive verbs. The reverse is also true. Another difference is in a passive expression. The Japanese passive, which means suffering an indirect loss, is transposed by the intransitive verbs in Korean. The different way of thinking by linguistic expression results in such difference in intransitive verbs and transitive verbs between Japanese and Korean. For example, Japanese uses transitive verbs for the relation between a subject and condition based on the speaker's viewpoint. On the other hand, Korean expresses the change of a subject caused by an external factor by means of intransitive verbs. Both are the intransitive / transitive corresponding language, which is distinguished by a different suffix with the same stem. But Korean intransitive verbs have both intransitiveness and passiveness and transitive verbs have both transitiveness and causativeness together ; Japanese intransitive verbs have only the intransitiveness, not passiveness. In conclusion, from the study I get an idea as follows. It is neither natural nor accurate to substitute only the vocabulary from one language into another. In brief, only by understanding the thinking way of expression inherent in one language, we can understand the very language and advance to approach the true and correct foreign language education.
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국민의 정부 대북정책 연구 : 대북 포용정책을 중심으로
The aims of this article consist of five items. First, I try to order, analyze, estimate the North Korea policy of People's Government s synthetically. The sunshine policy is created in the Korean Peninsula facing the structural necessity of post-Cold War and the theory of unification of peace which President Kim Dae-jung developed and systemed since 1960's. I try to synthesise the historical, structural, international sights of the sunshine policy. Second, in order to deeply analyze the sunshine policy and grip the merits and demerits of it, I ordered the North Korea policy of President Noh Tae-woo and Kim Young-sam, analysed the outcomes of their policy and the causes of failure of their policy, compared their policy with the sunshine policy of People's Government. And Their North Korea policy became an object lesson for the sunshine policy of People's Government. Third, the sunshine policy is demanded of the combined strengths of 4 countries around Korean Peninsula, that is America, Japan, China, Russia. Also I try to order a points of view about the sunshine policy of the countries around Korean peninsula, the state of things of Korean peninsula and the course of reordering the northeast Asia. Forth, in order to know why the sunshine policy changes from the theory of unification to the theory of peace and the background of it, I put in order the course of development of the third phase of the theory of unification, and the goals and three principles, base, and direction of the sunshine policy of People's Government. Fifth, during the 2 years of the sunshine policy's operation, if a lot of results is reaped, I will try to examine it. The study of the results of the sunshine policy consists of the tour project of Mt. Kumkang according a policy of separating economics from politics, South Korea's humanitarian food aid to North Korea suffering from the devastated farming-related industries and the shortage of foreign exchange, the inefficient collective farming and the Juche-oriented farming methods, and the socio-cultural exchanges. With taking into account today the situations of Korean peninsula, I, as a results, will regard the sunshine policy as the most realistic and capable North Korean policy. In order to succeed the sunshine policy, I think that the following efforts is necessary. First, because the combined strengths of 4 countries around Korean Peninsula, that is America, Japan, China, Russia is demanded necessarily, People's Government will explains to the 4 countries around Korean Peninsula the meanings, goals, and aims of the sunshine's policy correctly and will gain the positive helps of the 4 countries. Second, because North Korea doubts absorption of itself by the sunshine policy, People's Government will explain to North Korea's Government the meanings, goals, and aims of the sunshine's policy correctly and persuade it. Third, because South Korea's people themselves favor and criticize the sunshine policy, People's Government will explain to them the meanings, goals, and aims of the sunshine's policy correctly, persuade them that the sunshine policy is the most realistic nowadays and win the agreement and support. If these conditions are achieved, in the future, the sunshine policy will be succeeded. This article consists of six parts. Part 2 deals with the contents and limits of the policy of unification of President Noh Tae-woo and Kim Young-sam. Part 3 deals with the external background of Korean Peninsula, that is, the improvements of the relation of North Korea-America, Improvements of the relation of North Korea Japan, China's actual profit diplomacy orientating to economics, U.S.S.R's extinction and Russia's Birth, North Korea's sufferance because of economic difficulty. In order to regard the sunshine policy as the theory of peace, part 4 deals with the process of development of the theory of three phase unification of President Kim Dae-jung, the relation of the sunshine policy to the theory of peace, the composition of gradation of the sunshine policy. In order to arrange the results and appraisals the sunshine policy, part 5 deals with the tour project of Mt. Kumkang according a policy of separating economics from politics, South Korea's humanitarian food aid to North Korea suffering from the devastated farming-related industries and the shortage of foreign exchange, the inefficient collective farming and the Juche-oriented farming methods, the improvement of the socio-cultural exchanges, and the appraisals of 3 countries, America, Japan, and China, and South Korea's people.
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In bacteria, highly phosphorylated guanine nucleotides (ppGpp) controls the stringent response to carbon and energy starvaton, and acts as a positive regulator of some other transcription as well as a negative regulator of rRNA transcription. Also, it plays a central role in triggering antibiotic biosynthesis and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces species. In this study, therefore, for identifying existence of RelA that plays as positive regulator of the biosynthesis of natamycin in S. natalensis, and cloning of relA, PCR using newly designed primer based on amino acid sequence of previously studied ppGpp stynthease was carried out, obtaining 832-bp PCR product. The obtained PCR product showed high homology to the studied ppGpp synthetase (RelA) of Streptomyces sp. Therefore, the obtained PCR product seem to be a part of gene coding ppGpp synthetase in S. natalensis. To obtain the whole ORF of relA, Southern hybridization was performed with the protocol supplied by 832 bp PCR product as a probe and screened by colony PCR using previously used primers. As a results, the genomic library made by 396 colonies included 1 colonies having 7.5 kb insert DNA fragment of the same restrictions map. After analysis of sequence and homology of the cloned 7.5-kb fragments, a complete ORF of 2.5 kb relA was identified and showed high homology to the previously studied ppGpp stynthease (RelA) of the genus Streptomyces. And then, to construct the vector for high expression of relA in actinomycetes, pSET152ET was used as basic vector. The 2 kinds of relA fragments (Promoter - ORF - terminator region, ORF - terminator region) were inserted under ermEp of pSET152ET, and integrated into chromosomal DNA of actinomycetes. To confirm relA function for induction of antibiotics in actinomycetes, conjugal transfer was performed from relA expression vector into S. lividans TK24 and S. natalensis. Exconjugant including relA high expression vector formed strong blue color (actinorhodin) and, it´s the amount of actinorhodin became 6.7-fold higher than that of control strain. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the relA derived from S. natalensis acts as positive regulator for production of antibiotics in actinomycetes. 방선균은 Gram 양성의 사상균으로 토양, 바다, 강 및 대기에 다양하게 분포되어져 있으며 일반적으로 토양에서 대다수가 분리되어 토양 미생물로 널리 알려져 있다. 이들 방선균은 매우 다양한 형태학적, 생리학적, 생화학적인 특징을 보이고 있으며 이들의 이러한 생리학적 다양성이 여러 가지 구조의 이차대사산물을 생산하는 것으로 보고 되어져 왔다. 방선균들은 원핵생물임에도 불구하고 ‘포자 → 기저균사 → 기중균사 → 포자’ 라고 하는 복잡한 형태 분화를 나타내며 이러한 특징이 원핵생물 중에서도 가장 진화한 미생물이라고 여겨지는 것이다. 또한 방선균들은 이차대사산물로 항생물질, 항암물질, 색소 등 다양한 유용산물을 생산한다는 것이다. 지금까지 발견되어진 6,000 여종의 생리활성물질 중 약 60% 이상이 이들 방선균에 의해 생산되어지고 있다. 이러한 이차대사산물의 생산은 기중균사 형성과 동시기에 생산되는 경우가 많으며, 이차대사물질 생산능과 포자 착색능이 동시에 소실되는 현상이 많이 알려져 있다. Streptomyces natalensis에 의해 생산되어지는 Natamycin은 polyene macrolide계의 항생물질로서 곰팡이, 효모와 같은 진균류에 대해 소량으로도 생육을 저해하는 효과를 가진다. 일반적으로 polyene macrolide계의 항생물질은 인체에 강한 독성을 나타내지만, natanycin은 미국 Food and Drug Administration(FDA)로부터 GRAS(Generally Recognized As Safe)등급을 받은 인체에 무독한 항생물질이다. 또한 광범위한 항진균 활성과 곰팡이가 생산하는 독소의 상당수를 억제시키는 역할을 하는 것으로 보고되어져 있다. 따라서 natamycin은 가공 식품의 저장 중에 문제가 되는 곰팡이와 효모 및 이들이 생산하는 인간에 유독한 독소를 억제하는 항진균성 천연보존제로 널리 이용되고 있다. 이와 같이 natamycin은 인체에 무해하고 항진균제로서의 기능이 탁월하므로 식품산업, 의약품산업, 생물농약 등에 광범위하게 이용되고 있다. 지금까지 보고 된 연구들에 의하면 Streptomyces속 방선균에서 pathway-specific regulator의 발현조절은 autoregulator제어계와 고인산화 guanosine nucleotide ppGpp 그리고 S-adenosylmethionine(SAM)등이 서로 독립적 또는 상호간의 cross talk에 의해 이루어지고 있다는 것을 제시하고 있다. 이들 제어계들의 특징적인 것은 autoregulator와 SAM은 방선균의 이차대사산물생산과 형태분화에 모두 관여하고 있지만 ppGpp는 오직 이차대사산물 생산만을 조절하고 있다는 것이다. 상기의 제어계 연구 통해 방선균의 이차대사산물생산을 인위적으로 제어하는 것이 가능하게 되었고 이것은 곧 유용대사 산물의 조기 또는 대량생산을 가능하게 하는 열쇠가 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 natamycin 생산균주, Streptomyces natalensis ATCC27448에 대한 이차대사산물 생합성 조절계인 ppGpp 연구들 통하여 natamycin 생합성 조절작용을 밝히고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 방선균의 phenotype에 relA 고발현의 영향을 조사하기 위해 relA 고발현 vector를 구축하였으며 E. coil ET12567 (pUZ8002)를 이용한 transconjugation방법을 이용하여 actinorhodin을 생산하는 S. lividans TK24와 natamycin을 생산하는 S. natalensis에 도입하였다. 고발현 vector를 포함하는 exconjugant들은 그다음에 Southern hybridization으로 확인 하였다. Actinorhodin과 Natamycin의 생산량과 형태분화의 비교는 relA를 고발현시킨 exconjugant와 pSET152ET만 포함한 exconjugant 그리고 wild type을 비교하는 것에 의해 분석되었다. relA를 고발현시킨 exconjugant는 wild type과 pSET152ET만을 포함하는 excojugant보다 포자형성 시기가 빨라졌으며 actinorhodin의 생산량은 6.7배 증가하였으며 natamycin 경우 생산시기가 빨라지는 것이 확인되었다. 그러므로 S. natalensis유래 relA는 이차대사산물과 포자형성 조절에 positive regulator로 작용한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
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