19세기에서 20세기 중반 한국의 우두법 및 백신접종 연구에 있어 지구사적 관점(global perspective)의 유용성

이현주(Lee Hyon-ju) 동국역사문화연구소 2018 동국사학 Vol.65 No.-

본고는 1980년대 이후 출판된 우두백신과 백신접종에 관련된 해외 연구사를정리하고, 19세기에서 20세기 중반에 이르는 시기 동일 주제에 대한 한국의 케이스를 연구함에 있어 지구사적 관점을 활용하는 것의 필요성에 대해 논의한다. 지난 몇 십 년에 걸쳐 한국의 우두법 및 백신 정책에 대한 연구는 질적·양적측면에서 성장해 왔다. 그러나 이러한 발전에도 불구하고, 한국의 우두관련 연구는 좁게는 국내, 넓게는 동아시아 지역의 연구사 및 자료에 한정되어 진행되어왔다는 아쉬움이 남는다. 그러나, 우두가 발견된 이래, 우두 백신 뿐 아니라 다양한접종 방식이 제국들의 팽창 및 지방에서 형성된 다양한 네트워크를 통해 전 세계적으로 전래되었다. 그리하여, 본고는 한국의 우두법 연구를 지구사적 관점에서 바라보고, 해외의 연구결과를 참고 함으로써, 우두백신 기술, 관련 법 및 정책, 대중의 반응, 그리고 이러한 요소들 간의 복잡한 관계에 대해 더 정확하고 깊이 있게 이해하는 것이 가능하다고 주장한다. 본고에서 다루는 해외연구결과는 영어로 출판된 책 및 논문에 한정되어 있지만, 지리적으로는 동아시아를 넘어서는 광대한 지역-유럽, 라틴아메리카, 동남아시아, 인도, 아프리카, 중동-의 케이스를 포괄한다. This article reviews the historical research on cowpox vaccine and vaccination published abroad since the 1980s and discusses the necessity of global perspective in studying relevant Korean cases from the early nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. Korean historiography of cowpox vaccine and vaccination has grown in quality and quantity in the last several decades. However, the achievement has been mainly confined to Korea’s national boundaries or East Asia at large. Since the discovery of cowpox in the late eighteenth century, various techniques of vaccination as well as vaccine lymph were globally disseminated through the expansion of empires and locally established intellectual networks. This paper argues that reviewing research covering a wider geographical scope than East Asia and placing the Korean history of cowpox vaccination in this global picture enables a more in-depth and accurate understanding of vaccination technology, law, policy, public response, and the complex relationship during the proposed period in Korea. Despite a limited inclusion of articles and books written in English, this article encompasses a wide range of geographical locations beyond East Asia, including Europe, Latin America, Southeast Asia, India, Africa, and the Middle East.

서양의학사 연구동향과 전망, 2011~2020: 연구주제의 확장과 새로운 방법론의 모색

이현주(LEE Hyon Ju) 대한의사학회 2020 의사학(醫史學) Vol.29 No.3

논쟁으로부터 배우기 -백신 반대론자와 초기 제너백신의 효용성과 안전성 논쟁-

이현주 ( Lee Hyon Ju ) 한국서양사학회 2021 서양사론 Vol.- No.149

This research explores the medical debate over the effectiveness and safety of cowpox vaccination against smallpox during the early vaccine years of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. The historiography of early Jennerian vaccination has built up heavily focused on the discoverer of the cowpox vaccine, Edward Jenner, vaccine supporters, and the worldwide dissemination of the new technology. However, this precious technology, which helped humankind take its first steps toward the eradication of smallpox in 1980, was not accepted without debate and opposition. By exploring the professional criticism of early Jennerian vaccination, in particular, from anti-vaccinators, this research reconstructs the impetuses of the first vaccine’s controversies, including scientific skepticism, fear and wariness, and professional competition over the new medical technology. In doing so, this study contributes to the construction of a more comprehensive historical context for early vaccination and argues for the importance and usefulness of understanding the history of medical technology from the perspectives of conflict and opposition as well as acceptance. (Ewha Womans University / maat782000@gmail.com)

18세기 초 식민지 보스턴에서 감염병 통제, 인두법, 그리고 정치

이현주 ( Lee Hyon Ju ) 단국사학회 2024 史學志 Vol.65 No.0

In response to the public’s fear of a large-scale smallpox epidemic, in the mid- seventeenth to early eighteenth centuries, colonial Boston adopted rudimentary public health policies including sanitary and quarantine laws. Local physician Zabdiel Boylston (1679 -1766) first used the inoculation procedure in Boston amid the 1721 -1722 smallpox epidemic. His practice provoked considerable opposition, for the inoculation procedure itself created new cases of smallpox, and these contagious persons were subject to traditional public health controls. The Boston “Inoculation Controversy” has frequently been a lens through which historians have observed a changing colonial society and medical world. As the town in which began the triumphant history of inoculation and vaccination in America, Boston has taken pride in its historical connection to the introduction of these medical technologies; accordingly, a huge historical literature focuses on smallpox in this colonial town. Most of the substantial works on the early reception of inoculation ideas in Boston show an intense interest in the controversies swirling around the procedures adoption or rejection. This article, however, will examine the familiar history of the inoculation controversy from another perspective-the connection between Bostonians’ struggle for political autonomy and the development of local public health policy will be considered as important as the debate over inoculation. In the late seventeenth century, Boston became a provincial hub within the British Empire, and local events, including inoculation, reflected simultaneous assimilation into and distinction from the mother country. Smallpox control often prompted local debates about Boston’s relationship to Britain, namely concerns about local governing autonomy and contests for authority prior to inoculation. This article will summarize changes to public health law to show how inoculation fueled the burgeoning conflict between local governing bodies and imperial political authorities, as well as illustrate how preexisting political tensions in colonial Boston heightened the chasm between inoculation and anti-inoculation supporters.

미국에서의 백신 반대 운동

이현주 ( Hyon Ju Lee ) 한국미국사학회 2018 미국사연구 Vol.47 No.-

Vaccine objectors and the antivaccination movement have become one of the most concerning issues in public health in the United States. This paper argues that the controversy over vaccination is not an ahistorical phenomenon. It is important to discuss antivaccination movements as integrated with vaccination policies from the past to the present for a more complete understanding of both. This paper examines the origins and progress of the antivaccination movement, as well as the development of vaccination policies in the United States, over a long time span stretching from the eighteenth century to the twenty-first century. Controversy over immunization policy emerged even before the word immunization was coined and the first vaccine in human history was discovered, as similar medical technology had come to be available in the early eighteenth century. Tracing back from the present immunization controversy to its very early history, this study focuses on issues in vaccination (arguments for and against) that have continuously appeared and particular historical moments when the voices of vaccine objectors resurged. The study aims to explain that antivaccination movements have formed in reaction to community, state, and national vaccination policies, and that the policies in turn have been shaped by antivaccination movements amid a complex amalgam of medical, social, and political issues.

여성의사와 해외선교 ― 19세기 말에서 20세기 초 내한 미국인 선교사를 중심으로 ―

이현주 ( Hyon Ju Lee ) 이화사학연구소 2021 이화사학연구 Vol.- No.63

This research explores the rise and demise of American women’s overseas medical mission and various religious, social, and professional aspects of the American society, which contributed into the process lasting from the late nineteenth to the mid twentieth centuries. Using American women medical missionaries to Korea as a historical sample, this study provides quantitative and qualitative analyses of the proposed inquiry. Furthermore, it evaluates the relationship among the educational and professional developments of women medical professionals, women centered overseas mission, and other women’s issues emerging in the dawn to the twentieth century. In doing that this research provides a more comprehensive and larger historical context of the rise and fall of American women’s medical missionary work to Korea.

유행병과 폭동: 1899 텍사스 러레이도에서의 인종, 계급, 그리고 질병통제

이현주(Hyon Ju Lee) 경북대학교 인문학술원 2020 동서인문 Vol.0 No.14

1898년, 미국 남부에서 시작된 천연두는 1903년까지 전국적으로 유행하게 되었다. 1898년 가을 텍사스의 리오그란데 강 근처 마을 러레이도(Laredo)에서도 천연두 유행이 시작되었다. 환자 격리, 감염 지역과 감염의심 환자에 대한 소독 및 감염 위험 지역 주민에 대한 백신 접종 등 모든 가능한 질병 통제 방법이 동원되었지만 1899년 3월까지 천연두 환자 발생은 우려할 수준으로 증가했다. 러레이도 거주민들은 위와 같은 방역정책에 대항해 보건국 직원 및 그들과 동행한 군인력에 대항했다. 러레이도에서의 천연두 폭동은 1899년 3월 19일에서 21일까지 계속되었고, 이들 저항 세력을 진압하기 위해 텍사스의 경찰 업무를 맡고 있었던 텍사스 레인저스(The Texas Rangers)와 흑인으로 구성된 연방군인 제10 미기병대(the 10th Cavalry)가 러레이도에 긴급 투입되었다. 러레이도 폭동으로 인해 양측 모두에 사망자를 포함한 사상자가 생겼고, 20명이 넘는 시민이 투옥되었다. 현재적, 역사적 중요성에 비해 유행병과 폭동에 대한 연구는 의학사 및 사회사 모두에서 지금까지 많이 다루어지지 않은 연구 분야이다. 1899년 러레이도 천연두 폭동에 집중한 본 연구는 러레이도의 사례를 더 큰 역사적 맥락에 연결시키면서 이 사건을 천연두 방역과 백신 접종 의무화에 대한 전국적 논쟁과 그에 따른 백신 반대 운동의 성장 등의 국가적 차원의 의학적 사회적 배경 및 1898년 미서전쟁 종결 후 국가적 정체성 및 연대감 형성을 목적으로 변화해 가는 정치 배경과의 연관성 속에서 살펴본다. 또한 본 연구는 이 지역이 연방과 군사 및 정치적 측면에서 특수한 관계를 형성하고, 지역 특유의 인종적, 계급적 긴장감을 형성하게 한 접경지역으로서의 러레이도의 역사와 1899년 천연두 폭동과의 관련성을 논의 한다. From 1898 to 1903, the United States experienced a smallpox outbreak that started in the Southern part of the country. In the fall of 1898, smallpox cases reached Laredo, a town near the Rio Grande border in Texas. By mid-March 1899, the number of cases had grown to an epidemic scale despite the implementation of all possible disease control measures, including the isolation of the sick at pesthouses, the fumigation of infected areas and people, and house-to-house vaccination. Perceiving house-to-house inspection and compulsory vaccination as serious intrusions on their civil rights, the residents of Laredo united and militarized against public health officers and their accompanying military personnel. The Laredo smallpox riot continued for several days between March 19 and 21. The Texas Rangers, a statewide policing body, and the 10th Cavalry, a unit of the US Army composed of African American soldiers, were dispatched to quell the civilian mob. The ensuing skirmish resulted in casualties on both sides and the imprisonment of more than twenty people. The occurrence of rioting during an epidemic is a rarely investigated topic in the history of medicine despite its historical and present importance. This study is a case study of the 1899 smallpox riot in Laredo, Texas, which delves into how a nationwide epidemic unfolded at a local level. To place the Laredo case in a larger historical context, this study explores the medical issues of the time, such as the national controversy over smallpox surveillance, compulsory vaccination, and anti-vaccination sentiment, and the changing political atmosphere prompted by the search for national solidarity and identity after the Spanish-American War. This research also highlights the significance of local circumstances, whereby Laredo’s situation as borderland city shaped its unique relationships with the federal and local military and the politics and created racial and class tensions. In discussing how these national and local circumstances shaped the outbreak and the violent civilian and military conflict in 1899, this research argues the importance of understanding social issues in the successful implementation of public health measures and epidemic disease control.

1910년에서 1930년까지 미국과 한국에서의 “베이비 쇼(Baby Show)”에 관한 소고

이현주 ( Hyon Ju Lee ) 한국미국사학회 2017 미국사연구 Vol.46 No.-

In 1915, the Division of Child Hygiene was established, and that same year, the US Children’s Bureau launched its first national campaign for the improvement of childcare, the “Better Baby” campaign. Parallel interest in children’s health and well-being manifested in Japanese-occupied Korea in the mid-1910s. Foreign Christian missionaries, the majority of whom were Americans, initiated a Better Baby movement in colonial Korea and promoted “baby show” until coercively expelled by the Japanese colonial government in the late 1930s to 1940. This article examines the parallel histories of these contests, or baby shows, in early twentieth century United States and colonial Korea. The historiography of the baby show in each region has developed asymmetrically. Understanding of the American side of the story has deepened with the accumulation of various analyses encompassing the political, cultural, scientific, and social dimensions of the rise in state and popular interest in children’s health. Meanwhile, except for recognition by a few Korean scholars, the case in colonial Korea has been largely neglected. The purpose of this article is to close the chasm between these disparate historiographies. Furthermore, this work concerns both the connected origin and the divergent growth and demise of the baby show in the two geographies. Focusing on the conceptual connection between the remote locales, this article suggests to see the possibility of Christian missionaries as an important medium of secular progressive ideals and modern science (including eugenics) from the United States. In addition, it argues for the necessity of exploring the history of baby show with the frame of the rise of new imperialism and increasing imperial interest in children’s health and motherhood, which was a world-wide phenomenon since late 19th century. Also, gender perspective, which many American scholars proved its importance to examine this part of history, has not been adopted into the study of Korean cases.

서양신발의 사적 고찰과 미적 가치 Ⅰ

김민자(Min Ja Kim),최현숙(Hyon Sook Choy),이현주(Hyun Ju Lee) 한국복식학회 2001 服飾(복식) Vol.51 No.5

In fashion, there are various cultural aspects that exist in complexity, where according to the era, even fashion items newly develop and prevail into various designs in the organic function with reality of related cultural phenomenon and aesthetic aim. Among the fashion items, the shoe is historically considered as the shield from lust and also the provision of praise against the most emotional incitement. Mankind has started wearing shoes out of the functional purpose of protection since the ancient Egyptian times. Thereafter humankind has been creating shoes artistically in respect to shape, color, and quality of material, etc, as an expression of aesthetical awareness and introspective desire for beauty. As modern fashion increasingly regards the total fashion image much more important than each items consisting the whole outfit, the role of shoe became essential more than ever. Contrary to its relative importance, little academic attention was given to this area yet, while prestigious museums and galleries in Europe and the USA have held exhibitions of shoes in view of both historical and artistic aspects. This study aims to make a historical inquiry of western shoes, through which their aesthetic values can be drawn. Literature on this subject including aesthetics, history of costume and arts were referred. Fashion magazines and catalogues were investigated for additional information. The process and results of this study are meant to be a suggestion not only to further studies but also to artistic and creative shoe design. Originated for the functional purpose, shoes have evolved in various shapes with different meanings attached to it. When the technological development made the satisfaction for functional needs possible, the intrinsic attribute, the aesthetic value was pursued. The historical contemplations of shoes from Egyptian times to the 1990`s led to the results that the intrinsic aesthetic value of shoes can be summarized as follows: 1) protection and extension of body, 2) need for decoration, 3) erotic expression. 4) symbol of dignity and class, 5) fashion.