近代化論에 立脚한 地域社會開發 硏究

박태암 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1981 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.4 No.-

1. Purpose of study The purpose of this study can be summed up in the following three investigations: 1) To define conceptual connections between the modernization, the community development (CD), and the Saemaul Undong, by means of comparative analysis of concepts, theories, and goals of the three movements; 2) To evaluate achievements made so far by the Saemaul Undong, a Korean model of CD, and to show a desirable direction for its future, by examining processes of its evolution up to the present day from the viewpoint of modernization theory; 3) To present a most efficient model of Korean CD, and to suggest practical measures for carrying the model, into practice in terms of concrete and detailed case studies of the Saemaul Undong. 2. Motivation and method of study The undertaking of this study is motivated by our recognition of the fact that, contrary to men's earnest wish for creating a more humane and more comfortable life, the more enlarged and expanded modernization has got, the less humane and comfortable the life has grown. The CD is an effort for modernization, and the Saemaul Undong is a Korean type of CD. Both "community" and "maul" literally mean a society of Gemeinschaft; the two similarly represents a society of common sympathy and warm hospitality. However, neither the Community Development nor the Saemaul has promoted common pleasance and sympathetic feeling; conversely, both have rather increased the loss of sympathy and the absence of humanity. This study is designed to offer a way to restore the lost humanism in a modernized society. If a true modernization aims at a balanced realization of its two basic principles, humanism and rationalism, the practical policy for modernization of most countries tends to place far greater emphasis upon the latter principle, consciously or unconsciously neglecting the former. The result is the dominance of material and quantitative development of technology and economy, which necessarily leads to a limitless expansion and strengthening of urbanization and bureaucratization. In short, the consequent effects of the one-sided modernization, CD, and Saemaul Undong have been to almost completely get rid of the possibility of realizing the humanist principle of humanitarian democracy by replacing a Gemeinschaft with a Gessellschaft. As is now well-known, to pass through this serious crisis of dishumanization, governmental efforts have been made to develop or reconstruct a humane community in recent Europe, America, and Japan. In view of a profound impasse the Korean Samaul Undong is now facing, this study attempts to propose some countermeasures by which to cope with the critical situation. 3. Contents study This study comprises three major observations; examination of the definitions and main theories of modernization and C.D.; analysis of the processes of evolution and achievements of the Saemaul Undong, and revaluation of them: and the author's proposals of tentative model of desirable self-governing cmmunity development which are based on investigations into concrete cases of the Saemaul Undong. 1) The definitions and theories: The term modernization is usually used in following three ways; a uniquely western historical process, a social system in a particular stage of historical development, and a universal general concept. While the historical concept defines modernization as a peculiarly Western phenamenon of social development, the social system concept qualifies it as a specific process which occurs in a specific stage of history. However, either of them is not relevant to the analysis of modernization in the developing country including Korea. The only adequate category seems to be general concept, which is applied to in this study. The universal general concept of modernization defines the term as neither a Western phenamenon nor a process in a series of evolutionary stages but as a human effort to realize a harmoniously balanced development of scientific industrialization and democratized humanization. In its ideological orign, the conception of modernization pursued for not only material but also spiritual improvement of human life. Contrary to its initial intention, the actual practice of modernization has often produced a partial modernization of industrialization without liberty or democracy without humanization. Also despite the fact that the original concept of "community" included in it both senses of locality and communal sentiment, the modernized CD has almost failed to substantiate the two senses in an integral unity, particularly owing to a very rapid spread of traffic and communication and the consequent expansion of the life sphere of community. While it is difficult for R.M. Maclver's comprehensive concept of community to easily comprehend in it the "communal" community, the limited ecological and functional concept of H.F. Kaufman, NakaMura, and others tends to disregard the importance of locality. In the light of the deffects which can be found in the two major theories of the twentieth-century, the community is defined in this study as a limited concept of local community. In this local community, which is based on a small geographical boundary, that is, a village, the residents know one another very well, share common feelings and behaviors, and settle their problems by means of compromise and consensus. The local community constitutes the lowest but the mot efficient unit for CD as a practitioning arena of democratic self-government. 2) The Saemaul Undong is a korean type of modernization movement which has brought about an epoch-making innovation in modern Korean history. To embody three great spiritual principles - diligence, selfhelp, and cooperation - the movement aims to accomplish three great goals - the enlightment of spirit, the increase of income, and the social development. This Korean type of CD, which during the one decade of the 1970's had been launched and propelled under the governmental initiative, has attained surprising achievements and made great contribution to national as well local developments of our country. Moreover, it provides the nation with a national spirit which it has lacked for long. As is widely known, the national spirit, such as the Frontier Spirit of the United States, the Puritan Spirit of western nations, and the Yamato Spirit of Japan, has worked as a driving force for a nation's development. The formation of the Saemual Spirit indeed means the emergence of an objectified national spirit of modern Korea. A series of case studies shows that if a decade of years of the Saemaul Undong to a great extent have elevated the standard of living in rural communities and enlightened the attitude and behavior of village residents, some half of them, overwhelming portion of which consists of younger generations, dislike to remain in the country area. Above all, the reluctance of able young farmers to settle down on the farm threatens to impede a successive progression of the movement since of average village resident still lacks a sufficient amount of self-governing ability. 3) Proposals for a tentative model: The division of CD into three possible models and the subdivision of the second model into two types can be made in accordance with leadership relation between government and people: the government-initiating model which is relevant to the under developed country; the type A of the government-people-cooperating model which gives more leadership to the government and the type B of it which gives more leadership to the people; and the popular self-governing model which is relevant to the developed country. Of the four, the most desirable is the third model, which may be applicable to a few more advanced villages and towns as an experimental example, and which should be extended to all other local communities as soon as possible. But the most relevant to most of Korean communities at the present moment seems to be the type B of the second model.The final goal is the third model, but the type B of the second model is a necessary transitional prerequisit for arriving at the ideal situation. To hasten our departure from the first model and the type A of the second model, both of which occupied a far more dominant place in the 1970's Saemaul Undong, following strategic measures will be required; energetic vitalization of organized development of community, systematic enforcement of improvement of social environment, nation-wide expansion of citizenship education for voluntary community consciousness, constructive activation of residential consensus, and adequate operation for ceaseless persistince of community development of governmental administrative power.

地域社會開發事業에 있어서 精神開發의 促進

최재원 한국사회사업대학 지역사회개발연구소 1978 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.1 No.-

According to rapid social change, our society is subject to transform in several divison since the 1960's. We are needed to solve the difficult problems that have happened through the modernization process. Therefore, we are subject to plan; social development program in national level. And we have some good achievement in particular section through Sae-Mauel Undong that is so called the Korean community development. Sae-Mauel Undong is constituted with major three part Income increasement. Spirit development, Environment improvement. Spirit development, one of three major division, become a basic foundation for community development and have three consciousness; Spirits of diligence, Spirits of self-help and Cooperative spirits. These Sae-Mauel consciousness are very important role and function in development movement. Because these spiritual consciousness have some social campaign slogan and propaganda characteristics. It would be needed to replace those with Living. Civil, Cultural consciousness that have a comprehensive and abstract concept. For the Living consciousness, it would be necessary to have the economic ethos about real income growth, social welfare improvement by distribution justice, uplift quality of life, scientific and rational attitude, ………etc. For the Civilian consciousness, it would be necessary to have the self-determination and self-confidence attitude, logical and critical thought, ………etc. For the Cultural consciousness, it would be necessary to have the transmission of traditional culture and folk, voluntary community spirit, attitude of cooperation and participation, ………etc.

工場새마을運動의 社會福祉的 側面에 關한 硏究 -慶北道內의 100人以上 企業體를 中心으로-

성병조 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1980 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.3 No.-

This study intends to explain the aspects and situation of social welfare in factory which is classified to ordinary factory, prized factory and non-prized factory, through the Factory Saemaul Undong by the method of questionaire. As in well known, the history of Saemaul Undong is not long, so there are many problems in its process. Furthermore the concept of factory Saemaul Undong is not defined clearly, and it is to be developed by diverse study within near future. Factory Saemaul Undong is an operation base of urban Saemaul Undong, and it must be developed to fit factory's character and skill. The genuine object of Saemaul Undong is a better-life movement which came from emplyer-employee's cooperative spirit, environment improvement, strengthening employee's social well-being, productivity elevating, reduction of cost price, and neighbor-helping movement. From the viewpoint of social welfare aspects, the conclusions of this study are as follows: First, there are supplementary relations between factory Saemaul Undong and social welfare, and the weight of social welfare in factory Saemaul Undong is 25%, but the real situations of that are generally not sufficient. So it is urgently needed to promote the level of poor sides. Second, there are two aspects of social welfare in Factory Saemaul Undong. The first one is establishmental aspect, which includes domitories, apartments and company houses, dining room, resting room, library, stall, bath room, washing room, medical treatment facilities, physical exercise and amusement facilities. The another is systematic aspect, which includes payment system, bonus system, saving system, vacation system, special night time class system, research aid funding system, factory bus system, medical insurance system, retirement allowance system, employees' stock-buying system. But some aspects of the above-mentioned are too formal, so it is necessary to make those aspects internalized and subtantialized with mutual understanding between employers and employees. Third, the level of prized factories is very high from the viewpoint of social welfare compared with general factories and non-prized factories. But the high level is caused by the conclusion that prized factories are generally large companies which have necessarily all those aspects. Ordinary and non-prized factories' levels are showing just similarly. Fourth, the insufficiency of social welfare situations in Factory Saemaul Undong is due to the poor law system, the lack of understanding and concern of the employers, their conomic burden, and the company's characteristic geographical circumstances. The way of solving those problems is to activate factory Saemaul Undong by means of supplementing the Labour Standard Law, strengthening employers' Saemaul education, making factory environment sound, and promoting interrelation between factories. Fifth, factory Saemauel Undong is a method and a process to promote social welfare in factory, therefore the expansion of social welfare devotes to activating Factory Saemauel Undong.

韓國地域開發의 戰略에 關한 硏究

장상두 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1978 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.1 No.-

Today, community and regional development are the centralized concerns of policy studies and public opinion. This is a reflection of the pending questions, policies and pressures for development. The cope with the need for this community and regional development and the strategies needed for the development of the community and region, this should be based on theoretical developmental strategies in the long run. But the suggested alternatives and the strategies being adopted as well as the current theories appear to be in a state of confusion. To correct this a development strategy was formulated and a study was made centering around books and other materials as follows: 1. As the concentrated concerns of community and regional development are the general pheonomenons of developing countries the problem of the regional gaps created during the course of modernization and development which were generally adapted from conventional methods fell behind drastically in the 1950s and 60s in our country. Today it is also an important policy subject in the New Community Movement in our country. But the intended development methods are changing due to the maintenance of a high level of education, technical manpower, transportation, communication, and the newly unified regional structures on the national level, the direction it is taking is a generalization of industrialization and urbanization. This requires a strong degree of synthesization in promoting strategies, as well as the additional coordination, intensification, specialization, economization in addition to the regionalization and application for the approaching methods should be parallelized not by individual methods but by advancing together. 2. All the theories as well as alternatives and strategies for community and regional development and territorial development can be planned at the national level and there is a need to execute a plan in order to relate the regional characteristics and functionalism of the region and community to the overall strategy of the territorial development. In this regard, the expansion of economic development models, which have strong inducements to foster the theories of location and strategic growth as well as other areas of society such as cultural and educational will be required to be centralized in the non-strategic location. 3. New urban development theories specifically regional circle formation methods and the small country and town functionalization methods are ways based on the developmental enticement of urban functions. Also transformation, communication, education, a rise in the human knowledge, and one-day travel and communication range have extended the function of the nodal point and the growth point to the national level. 4. As the goal of development is urbanization, regional development approaches should convert from non-development areas to urban areas. Urban studies should be propelled in various ways and a system should be implemented in preparation for the urbanization. In this thesis, First, urbanization development methods are listed as: 1] Concentration on the specialization rather than the unification of functions 2] Concentration and serialization development simultaneously advanced 3] Coordination of mutual functions maintained with other areas 4] Guarantee of urban functions and the suppression of urban regionalism should be secured for development Second, the methods of regional circle formation are listed as: 1] Changing fixed conceptions on regional locations 2] Diversification of regions by function 3] Concentrated development of specific functions and the formation at a secure level of coordinating methods 4] The pending questions generated by policy development pressures should be attempted to be solved Third, the regional circle formation methods of small countries and towns are listed as: 1] Nodal and growth point functions, which require a functionalization of small countries and towns been diminished by regional eneargement and bye necessity its approach method must be re-examined. 2] Alleviation of regional gaps in order to develope and activate the non-developmental regions, alleviation of the sense of geograhpic immobility in certain areas must be approached from a national level through general development. 3] Reorganization of regional structures based on the unification of whole territories is inevitable. For this reason, the concentration of developmental factors must be developed on a specific character basis.

大都市 周邊地域의 實態와 地域開發方向 - 大邱市와 達城群을 中心으로 -

安泰煥 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1989 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.11 No.-

The purpose of this paper was to examine the situation of metropolitan surrounding area and to suggest its development strategies. Since most large cities in Korea have been over-densed with rapid urbanization, urbanized area has been expanded and non-central activities have been sprawed into urban fringe or suburban area. Thus most metropolitan surrounding areas have appeared several regional problems and become urban shadow-area. This study analyzed the situation of Dalsung county, which is typical Taegu surrounding area and searched for its development strategies. Dalsung county showed several regional problems : (1) high dependence upon Taegu, (2) division of its spational organization, (3) no existence of regional center, etc. And most residents expressed their concerns about their county problems such as : (1) shortage of young adults and change agents, (2) lack of public investment and working place, (3) insufficient living conditions, etc. So most residents wanted to locate the plants, increase income, improve the quality of life, and reduce the several public regulations. Based on these analyses, the development strategies for surrounding area, particularly in Dalsung county, was suggested as follows : (1) cordinating of socio-economic area and its municipal districts, (2) setting the regional center and settlement system, (3) propelling the high level of industrilization, (4) establishing the technopolis network, and finally improving social infrastructure conditions.

地域社會開發事業의 人間學的 理解

최재원 한국사회사업대학 지역사회개발연구소 1979 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.2 No.-

The human factors are very important for community development, and they also can be the results of community development. As for the Saemaul Undong of Korea, the spiritual development of rural residents is one of three major goals of it. But there's none on the empirical study of spirtual development of them until now. So, this study intends to survey the human aspect which contains anti-fatalism, diligence, cooeration, anti-ritualism, futurism, materialism, nationalism, will power and creationism empirically. The Liker Scale of eleven points is used to measure them. 1. Anti-fatalism of rural residents is scored as; M(Mean)=7.93, Me(Median)=8.27, Q₁=6.38, Q₃=9.76, Q=(Q₃-Q₁)/2=1.69 2. Sprit of diligence of rural residents is scored as; M=8.71, Me=9.32, Q₁=7.72, Q₃=9.96, Q=1.12 3. Sprit of cooperation of rural residents is scored as; M=8.50, Me=9.41, Q₁=7.66, Q₃=9.97, Q=1.15 4. Ritualism of rural residents is scored as; M=3.72, Me=3.94, Q₁=0.32, Q₃=5.80, Q=2.74 5. Futurism of rural residents is scored as; M=3.30, Me=2.75, Q₁=0.22, Q₃=5.20, Q=2.49 6. Materialism of rural residents is scored as; M=5.97, Me=6.20, Q₁=4.27, Q₃=9.04, Q=2.38 7. Sprit of nationalism of rural residents is scored as; M=1.96, Me=0.31, Q₁=-0.09, Q₃=3.44, Q=1.76 8. Will power of rural resident is scored as; M=7.20, Me=7.91, Q₁=5.29, Q₃=9.74, Q=4.45 9. Sprit of creationism of rural residents is scored as; M=7.44, Me=7.45, Q₁=6.34, Q₃=9.59, Q=1.62 These scores mean that the human aspect of Korean rural residents are developed very much by dint of Saemauel Undong, other community development movement and rapid social change of rural region. And the development of the human aspect of rural residents is also effected as independent variable to community development. So interaction of them is devoted to develop the other sides.

觀光資源開發과 地域社會開發

李帳鉉 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1989 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.11 No.-

工場새마을運動과 共同體意識에 關한 硏究

이재호 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1979 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.2 No.-

The nature and content of Factory Saemaul Undong, according to the viewpoint, are devided from many framework. The promotion of a spirit of community are very important conception in Factory Saemaul Undong. Today those who are living in urban areas feel uneasy emotionally because of he disappearance of human to human in relationship. This paper aims at the enlightenment of a spirit of a community in Factory Saemaul Undong, thata re propeling in our nation. There are many problems in Factory Saemaul Undong seeing at viewpoint of a spiit of community. So, in order tr enlighten the Factory Saemaul Undong, it is necessary that as follows: First, through the application of socialization theory in Factory Saemaul Undong, the institution, system and facitities should be generalized. Second, in the individual level it is necessary that the Saemaul education change the consciousness. Third, the operator of company must recognize the socia lrespect of company. In future we are concerning the society that there are love and humanity, and we are necessary the development of a spirt of community.

工場 새마을運動에 關한 硏究

최재원,양철모 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1981 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.4 No.-

工場새마을運動은 1970年代初부터 始作된 農村새마을運動으로부터 點火되어 1974년부터 推進되기 始作하였다. 이 工場새마을運動은 1973年末 石油波動과 資源波動으로 因해서 景氣가 急激히 下降하는 時點을 擇해 點火되었으며 全體企業人과 從業員들의 不掘의 意志와 努力으로 物資節約, 에너지節約, QC運動 等을 通해서 不況을 克服하고 企業體質을 强化하는 轉機를 만들고자 하였다. 즉 工場새마을運動은 韓國 固有의 企業倫理觀을 바탕으로 하여 企業主는 家長과 같은 位置에서 어버이精神을 具顯시켜 나가고 종업원은 한 家庭의 構成員이라는 立場에서 企業主를 爲하고 나아가서는 企業의 發展을 爲하여 스스로 해야 할 일을 찾아 實踐에 옮겨가는 過程에서 企業은 成長하고, 企業의 社會的 責任을 다하게 된다는 것이다. 따라서 工場새마을運動은 企業의 社會的 責任에 대한 새로운 認識, 勞使間의 紐帶强化, 豊饒로운 民主國家의 建設을 指向하고 있으며 새마을 敎育, 人間關係의 改善, 福祉制度와 施設의 擴充, 夜間敎育, 生産性增大를 爲한 各種 勞力 等이 項住되어 왔다. 本 硏究는 이러한 工場새마을運動의 實態를 正確하게 把握하고 보다 바람직한 發展方向을 模索하기 爲하여 各種 統計資料 및 硏究論文 等의 文獻을 통하여 經驗的인 硏究를 試圖하였다. 이와같은 硏究의 結果로 다음과 같이 要約할 수 있겠다. 첫째, 工場새마을運動은 政府(政檔)의 變化에 關係없이 되어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 이미 實施된 프로그램이 成功的이었기 때문에 새마을指導者 및 中堅幹部에 對한 訓練과 새마을 敎育을 實施할 施設과 프로그램이 擴充되어야 한다. 그리고 現在 새마을精神의 涵養에 重點을 맞추고 있는 敎育內容은 QC, 時間과 動作硏究 等과 같은 生産性向上의 方法을 强調하는 것으로 바뀌어야 한다. 셋째, 費用 對 利益의 硏究와 같은 施行錯誤의 浪費를 避하기 爲한 方法을 模索하기 爲해서 이 運動에 對한 보다 더 깊은 硏究가 必要하겠다. 넷째, 勤勞條件과 福祉態의 改善을 通해서 經營者는 企業利을 勤勞者에게 보다 더 많이 돌려야 한다는 것이다. 다섯째, 計劃의 立案과 實行에 實者를 보다 더 많이 參與시킴으로서 工場새마을運動에서 意思決定의 樣態를 위에서부터 아래로 修正하여야 할 것이다. 여섯째, 生産性增大의 2가지 要因中에 韓國에서는 勞動能率보다는 合理的인 經營面을 더욱 改善하여야 할 것이다. 일곱째, 勤勞意欲을 높이기 爲하여 被雇傭人들의 株式所有를 制度化시켜야 할 것이다. 여덟째, 各己 工場에서 된 多樣한 새마을事業은 嚴格한 評價가 加해져야 하며 그리하여 租稅惠擇, 政府補助金, 低利融資와 더불어 McGregor 가 提案한 것과 같은 補償制度가 公平하게 實施되어야 할 것이다. 아홉째, 都市새마을運動에 있어서 現實參與를 通하여 企業의 社會的 責任을 遂行하므로서 生産性을 보다 擴大시킬 社會的 與件을 마련하여야 할 것이다.

國際體制의 再編成에 關한 硏究(I) - 國際開發을 위한 - 試圖 - -

이경태 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1984 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.6 No.-

The principal purpose of this dessertation is to represent a model to reorganiza the international system for promoting international development. For this purpose a large literature and the results of other research works were referred to and citied. The method of study is the interdisciplinary one or that of the cross fertilization. The field of international development, as a learning, is not systematized scientifically; moreover, the subject matters of the research are not agreed upon up to now. Considering the present situation like this, this research is an attempt in the vast regions of international development to be explored. The purport mentioned thus far is discussed in Chapter I of this thesis, which consists of six chapters. In Chapter II, factors for accelerating development are specified and fully discussed as the indices to the reorganization of the international system. Maintenance of world peace, extension of the welfare of man, security of the basic human rights, and preservation of the ecosystem-all these are elucidated as the ultimate goals of international development. Thus man can build the global village in which he lives a happy life with dignity in the unpolluted natural environment without fears of war and hunger. In Chapter III, characters of the international system are analyzed to obtain the basic data needed for reorganization of it. For this, characters of the international society are examined, and the structural elements of the present international system, its characteristics and changing phases are discussed. The present international system based on the individual sovereign nation do not eliminate the possibility of total destruction of human race because it fails to remove conflicts and competitions between nations. Thus a special emphasis is put on the necessity of reorganization of the international system. Models of the international system are analyzed in Chapter IV. The ideal type for reorganization of it is pursued of those previously proposed and expected in the future. In particular, the eight models which are to be expected are presented: the world government system, the regional system, the functional system, the world empire system, the statist concert system, the condominium system, the small state system, and the anarchistic system. In Chapter V is drawn the actual conclusion of this thesis. The ideal type of the world polity is embodied as a model for reorganization of the world system. This organization based on the central guidance system is needed for promoting efficiency of international development. This system has two principal organs: the world assembly and the implementing board, as a legislative and an executive body respectively. These organs consists of agencies concerned with the factors for accelerating international development discussed Chapter II. The implementing board, in particular, has four specialized organizations: the world peace system, the world economic-welfare system, the world human development system, and the world ecologic system. Chapter VI is assigned to the conclusion, but, in fact, the future of the present world system is considered in this chapter. The brigt and dark sides of it are examined and the schemes to remove dismal prospects are discussed. The necessity of the reorganization of the present international system is strongly emphasized as a means for that purpose, and it is concluded that the reorganization of it is within human ability.