새마을運動과 Leadership(Ⅱ)

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1979 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

This report is the second part of the study on the same topic published in May, 1979. In this paper I attempt to observe actual conditions of leadership for the administration and agricultural technology in the rural areas, and to suggest a new direction of the Saemaul movement in the 1980's after the death of the late president Park Jeung Hee. For the purpose, questionnaires were distributed to 600 rural residents in random sampling. In the response to the questionnares, 91.5% of the questioned residents affirmed that they got a strong sense of "self reliance" through the Saemaul movement, but only 21.9% of them answered that could achieve their goal without government's support. Also, the residents' adoptation of innovated agricultural technology was resulted from the encouragement of the Myun office and/or the agricultural guide more than from that of communication's mass media. The new direction of Saemaul movement in 1980's can be suggested as follow: 1) Even in 1980's appropriate government's leadership will be required for the effective rural community development. 2) A demonstrative or false report to the government should be removed. Also, a uniform plann which regard difference of varied areas should be revised. 3) The Saemaul movement should be cut off from the politics for popularity of the ruling party. 4) Different circumstances in different areas require different leadership; so, a variety of leaders should be raised in accordance with specific conditions. 5) The institute for training leaders should be organized and administered without political intervention.

새마을 運動의 推進과 生活化에 關한 小考

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1975 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

As we know, Saemaul Movement is a nation-wide spiritual innovation, a campaign of national modernization, and a great self-awakening of Korean people themselves. In the last five years, this campaign has been developed very successfully throughout the country, showing to other contries a good model of rural development. The campaign has been driven forward through three steps; the first step was to improve circumstances in order to stimulate farmers' self-participation in the movement, the second step to enlighten their attitude for spiritual innovation, the third step to increase their income. The process can be illustrated in a simple formula of "circumstance improvement→spiritual enlightenment→increase of income". Despite the goverment's emphasis on the importance of farmers' spiritual innovation, it seems, actual policies as a whole have tended to put more stress on physical improvements. It is now, according to my research, the time to carry into effect the spiritual enlightenment of farmers' attitudes for more successful and sustaining development of the Saemaul Movement. For the purpose, the following policies are Saemaul Movement. 1. For promoting the spiritual enlightenment; 1) strengthen the education in the Su-won Saemaul Leaders Education Center, and include dissenters among trainees there, 2) make the experienced rank and file participate in Saemaul seminars as resource persons, 3) strengthen the school-industry cooperation in regional plannings, 4) organize more effectively the graduates from teachers colleges for farmers' spiritual enlightenment, 5) utilize mass-communication more effectively, 6) pervade more songs stimulating rural development. 2. establish a new post for directing the Saemaul Department in Gun to strengthen the Saemaul administration (to help vice chief of Gun), 3. level up the qualities of civil servants in the technical field of Saemaul for agricultural development, 4. make village finance open to the villegers.

近代化論에 立脚한 地域社會開發 硏究

박태암 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1981 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.4 No.-

1. Purpose of study The purpose of this study can be summed up in the following three investigations: 1) To define conceptual connections between the modernization, the community development (CD), and the Saemaul Undong, by means of comparative analysis of concepts, theories, and goals of the three movements; 2) To evaluate achievements made so far by the Saemaul Undong, a Korean model of CD, and to show a desirable direction for its future, by examining processes of its evolution up to the present day from the viewpoint of modernization theory; 3) To present a most efficient model of Korean CD, and to suggest practical measures for carrying the model, into practice in terms of concrete and detailed case studies of the Saemaul Undong. 2. Motivation and method of study The undertaking of this study is motivated by our recognition of the fact that, contrary to men's earnest wish for creating a more humane and more comfortable life, the more enlarged and expanded modernization has got, the less humane and comfortable the life has grown. The CD is an effort for modernization, and the Saemaul Undong is a Korean type of CD. Both "community" and "maul" literally mean a society of Gemeinschaft; the two similarly represents a society of common sympathy and warm hospitality. However, neither the Community Development nor the Saemaul has promoted common pleasance and sympathetic feeling; conversely, both have rather increased the loss of sympathy and the absence of humanity. This study is designed to offer a way to restore the lost humanism in a modernized society. If a true modernization aims at a balanced realization of its two basic principles, humanism and rationalism, the practical policy for modernization of most countries tends to place far greater emphasis upon the latter principle, consciously or unconsciously neglecting the former. The result is the dominance of material and quantitative development of technology and economy, which necessarily leads to a limitless expansion and strengthening of urbanization and bureaucratization. In short, the consequent effects of the one-sided modernization, CD, and Saemaul Undong have been to almost completely get rid of the possibility of realizing the humanist principle of humanitarian democracy by replacing a Gemeinschaft with a Gessellschaft. As is now well-known, to pass through this serious crisis of dishumanization, governmental efforts have been made to develop or reconstruct a humane community in recent Europe, America, and Japan. In view of a profound impasse the Korean Samaul Undong is now facing, this study attempts to propose some countermeasures by which to cope with the critical situation. 3. Contents study This study comprises three major observations; examination of the definitions and main theories of modernization and C.D.; analysis of the processes of evolution and achievements of the Saemaul Undong, and revaluation of them: and the author's proposals of tentative model of desirable self-governing cmmunity development which are based on investigations into concrete cases of the Saemaul Undong. 1) The definitions and theories: The term modernization is usually used in following three ways; a uniquely western historical process, a social system in a particular stage of historical development, and a universal general concept. While the historical concept defines modernization as a peculiarly Western phenamenon of social development, the social system concept qualifies it as a specific process which occurs in a specific stage of history. However, either of them is not relevant to the analysis of modernization in the developing country including Korea. The only adequate category seems to be general concept, which is applied to in this study. The universal general concept of modernization defines the term as neither a Western phenamenon nor a process in a series of evolutionary stages but as a human effort to realize a harmoniously balanced development of scientific industrialization and democratized humanization. In its ideological orign, the conception of modernization pursued for not only material but also spiritual improvement of human life. Contrary to its initial intention, the actual practice of modernization has often produced a partial modernization of industrialization without liberty or democracy without humanization. Also despite the fact that the original concept of "community" included in it both senses of locality and communal sentiment, the modernized CD has almost failed to substantiate the two senses in an integral unity, particularly owing to a very rapid spread of traffic and communication and the consequent expansion of the life sphere of community. While it is difficult for R.M. Maclver's comprehensive concept of community to easily comprehend in it the "communal" community, the limited ecological and functional concept of H.F. Kaufman, NakaMura, and others tends to disregard the importance of locality. In the light of the deffects which can be found in the two major theories of the twentieth-century, the community is defined in this study as a limited concept of local community. In this local community, which is based on a small geographical boundary, that is, a village, the residents know one another very well, share common feelings and behaviors, and settle their problems by means of compromise and consensus. The local community constitutes the lowest but the mot efficient unit for CD as a practitioning arena of democratic self-government. 2) The Saemaul Undong is a korean type of modernization movement which has brought about an epoch-making innovation in modern Korean history. To embody three great spiritual principles - diligence, selfhelp, and cooperation - the movement aims to accomplish three great goals - the enlightment of spirit, the increase of income, and the social development. This Korean type of CD, which during the one decade of the 1970's had been launched and propelled under the governmental initiative, has attained surprising achievements and made great contribution to national as well local developments of our country. Moreover, it provides the nation with a national spirit which it has lacked for long. As is widely known, the national spirit, such as the Frontier Spirit of the United States, the Puritan Spirit of western nations, and the Yamato Spirit of Japan, has worked as a driving force for a nation's development. The formation of the Saemual Spirit indeed means the emergence of an objectified national spirit of modern Korea. A series of case studies shows that if a decade of years of the Saemaul Undong to a great extent have elevated the standard of living in rural communities and enlightened the attitude and behavior of village residents, some half of them, overwhelming portion of which consists of younger generations, dislike to remain in the country area. Above all, the reluctance of able young farmers to settle down on the farm threatens to impede a successive progression of the movement since of average village resident still lacks a sufficient amount of self-governing ability. 3) Proposals for a tentative model: The division of CD into three possible models and the subdivision of the second model into two types can be made in accordance with leadership relation between government and people: the government-initiating model which is relevant to the under developed country; the type A of the government-people-cooperating model which gives more leadership to the government and the type B of it which gives more leadership to the people; and the popular self-governing model which is relevant to the developed country. Of the four, the most desirable is the third model, which may be applicable to a few more advanced villages and towns as an experimental example, and which should be extended to all other local communities as soon as possible. But the most relevant to most of Korean communities at the present moment seems to be the type B of the second model.The final goal is the third model, but the type B of the second model is a necessary transitional prerequisit for arriving at the ideal situation. To hasten our departure from the first model and the type A of the second model, both of which occupied a far more dominant place in the 1970's Saemaul Undong, following strategic measures will be required; energetic vitalization of organized development of community, systematic enforcement of improvement of social environment, nation-wide expansion of citizenship education for voluntary community consciousness, constructive activation of residential consensus, and adequate operation for ceaseless persistince of community development of governmental administrative power.

Athenai 政治制度의 運營과 그 原理

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1966 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to help to clarify some of the questions on the Athenian political institutions and its operating principles. Also it attempts to study, with contemporary confusion over the mass democracy in mind, the participation of Athenian citizens in public affairs. Contrary to the contemporary demand as expressed by Perikles that one who takes no interest in public affairs is a useless character in the democratic society, a big D. K. group exists actually in the modern society. This problem should be solved for the effective operation of democracy. The result of this study led to the following conclusions. The Athenian direct democratic institutions are not practicable in the modern world. However, the principles of its operation and ideals of its system are very useful elements even in the modern society. That is to say, much interest for citizens in public offairs, sound judges of a policy by the people, the great respect for laws, ruling not by men but by the institutions, the views on the freedom of speech, the senses on the decision of the majority, the notion of freedom by the participation. All these principles and ideals must be the important elements that are considered and appraised for the effective operation of democracy even in the modern times.

近代化의 槪念規定에 關한 一硏究

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1969 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

This paper is an attempt to clarify the concepts of the term Modernization. It is commonly defined in two ways in the broad sense of the term. One is the historical view point and the other is the view point of social science. Also, as an intermediate way of the definition, we face, sometimes, the theory of the stage development which originated in Karl Marx. However, in this paper, the definitions based on both the historical theory and that of the stage development are denied, and an effort was made mainly on the viewpoint of social sciece. As an approach to this study, various scholastic opinions were collected, analized, and appraised. Viewed from the stand-point of social science the result led to a conclusive definition of the term Modernization. It was also proved the concept of modernization is one that is irrelevant to historical age. The scholars whose views are mainly quoted here are John Hall, C.E.Black, R.P.Dore, D.Rustow, Tominaga-Genitchi, Takajima-Yoshinari, Kibyuk-Cha and others. Besides them Max Weber, W.W.Rostow, and D.E.Apter's opinions were also considered. General concept of the term can be defined as "Industrialization, mechanization" and "Democratization, Nationalization". This fulfilment in economy and economic factors can not be realized in all social systems but only in the free-democratic society. Communist countries such as Soviet Russia or Red China are the abnormal cases in the process of the Modernization. This sickness is a phenomenon such as Fascism and Nazism. If we concentrate the concepts of the Modernization on "Industrialization" and "Democratization", the former is usually considered to be more important. But no less important is the spiritual dimension. If we regard industrialization as modernization, it can be safely said that the communist societies can also achieve it. But as R.P.Dore points out it is only "partial modernization" or "unsuccessful Modernization". The conclusion of this paper is as follows : ① The term modernization used nowadays in many countries is a term of social science, sublimated from its historical concept. ② Modernization is based on the free-democratic societies, and is a kind of disease, transitional phenomenon in the communist societies which is seen in the process of modernization. ③ The concept of modernization includes the contemporization. That is to say, the term modernization used today in underdeveloped countries is a broader and complex concept which includes the effort of contemporization(writer's own word). It is only an emotional and stimulative expression of Modernization.

初等敎師의 政治意識에 關한 一調査硏究

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1974 論文集 Vol.10 No.-

初等敎師의 政治意識은 政治敎育과 直結되는 것이다. 政治敎育의 內容은 ①人間敎育이요, ② 方向定立을 위한 理論과 知識의 교육이며, ③ 갈등을 克服하는 교육이고, ④ 民主市民을 訓練하는 敎育으로 우리의 國家理想 즉 價値體系를 確信하고 共産主義의 挑戰을 克服하는 敎育인 것이다. 그러므로 義務敎育에 종사하고 있는 모든 敎師는 恒常 政治意識에 밝아야 하고 民主主義 信念을 가지고 生活해야 한다. 이러한 政治敎育의 바탕이 되는 敎師의 政治意識實態를 一正講習中인 者 620 名을 對象으로 設問紙로 調査를 實施해 본 結果의 反應은 大體로 다음과 같이 나타났다. A. 實態面 敎師들이 共産主義批判 能力은 一般的으로 不足하나(보통과 부족을 合치면 69%), 反面自由主主義에 대한 信念은 투철한 편이다(투철과 보통을 合치면 85.9%), 平素 民主主義 및 共産主義批判 硏究는 안하는 편이며(43.8%) 그로 因하여 바른생활 中 反共敎育은 形成化되는(?) 위험성이 있다. 그러나 敎師들은 政治的으로 中立이라는 立場과는 달리 現實 政治 問題에 대해서 大端히 關心度가 높다(보통과 合치면 84.3%), 卒業後 敎師들은 任命을 받은 後 共産主義批判에 關한 知識의 획득경로는 主로 신문, 라디오, TV 등의 매스컴이고, 다음이 일반서적, 잡지 등이며, 세째로 각종 강습회 강연등을 통해서이며, 네째가 親舊간의 對話를 통해서로 反應되었다. 地域社會學校 敎師로서의 役割 中 民主主義信念의 普及기능은 바람직하게는 못한다는 意見이 많다(36.0%). 出間벽지를 除外하고는 學力이나 學歷이 그 地域社會에서 認定받지 못하는 實情이므로 敎大의 4年制 昇格이 時急하다. 新聞을 볼 때 敎師들은 社會面에 가장 關心度가 높고(38.2%), 政治面은 그 다음(28.8%)이며, 社說을 읽는 程度는「많이 읽는다」33.2%(28.2+5.0),「가끔 읽는다」63.7%로 反應하여 많이 읽는 傾向을 보이고 있다. 校長, 校監, 奬學士 등 行政家들의 共産主義批判 能力을 어떻게 보는가?의 設問 結果는「보통」이라고 생각하는 敎師가 66.4%, 충분하다고 생각하는 敎師는 12.6%로 反應되었으나, 젊은 敎師들은 否定的이고 一般的으로 事例面, 體驗面에서는 充分하나 學術面에서는 不足하다고 보는 傾向이다. 그러고 勤務中 校長, 校監으로부터 이런 方面에 關한 訓示는 많이 받고 있지 않는 것으로 反應되었다(28.1%) B. 對策面 自由民主主義의 守護를 위하고, 統一國家 志向의 基盤造性을 위한 共産主義批判機關의 設置는 大贊成이며(66.7%), 再敎育課程에 共産主義批判 時間을 增加시키는 것도 크게 歡迎하고 있다(62.4%). 敎師들의 政治意識高揚은 可能하나(90.9%) 좀더 制限을 완화하여 幅넓은 世界를 보기를 希望하고 있다. 敎師들의 民主主義意識을 고취하고 共産主義批判力을 기르기 위한 方法은 著名人士의 순회강연과 매스텀의 敎育化가 가장 좋은 方策이며, 다음이 이에 關한 雜志發刊, 自體硏修會, 스스로 硏究順으로 反應되었다. 自由記述式에 依한 對策提示에도 亦是 著名人士 순회강연과 매스텀의 敎育化를 앞세우고 있으며, 교육영화제작, 전문적 교육기관설치, 교육자료제작 배부, 새마을운동의 효율화, 사례집 발간, 교사 잡무 감축, 시사교육강화 등을 제시하기도 한다. 그런데 이 中에서도 크게 關心을 끄는 것은「좀더 개방된 공산사회 실정 소개」,「북괴방송 청취 허용」등을 제안한 것인데 후자의 경우 북괴방송을 많이 들으면 金日成 一人獨裁에 대한 싫증을 自然히 誘發할 수 있기 때문에 효율적이라는 것이다. This paper is attempted to study on the realities of political consciousness of primary school teachers, considering its effective countermeasures and proposing the necessity of political education in Korea. The study method here adopted is questionaires and interview that consisted of 16 items involving "wht is the realities?," and "what can be a good countermeasure for the citizenship education?" The questionaires were deiliviered to 620 teachers(350 men, 270 women) who were on inservice teachers education for their 1st class teacher's qualification. The brief results of this study are as follows: Generally, the political consciousness of teachers both men and wormen are relatively high but their intellectual critical ability on communism is weack. However they show that their conviction on liberal democracy is very firm. The reason of weak critical ability comes form the lack of political education itself. Accordingly, the role of community teacher seems not to be effective in the field of political thouglt. Many teachers hope to be provided with teaching materials about north Korea. They responded, for the countermeasures, to the following recommendatory ways of citizenship education to uphold political consciousness: to arrange lecturing tour by the out-standing scholars and experts, to control the mass-communication in the sense of education, to enlarge teaching materials in the field of communism, to emphasize the inservice teachers training education, and to help teachers study themselves. Based on this reseasch, I propose the following countermeasures to cope with our present difficulties: 1) we had better plan more effective ways of political education in theory like West Germany, 2) to establish teaching material center for anti-communism of national unification, 3) to establish citizenship education center for the people, 4) to give speical education to the educators concerning political thought, 5) to control mass-communication for education, 6) to strengthen the education of Saemaul Movement, 7) to elevate junior teachers college to senior level.

民主主義에 關한 基礎的 一考察

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1970 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

In this paper, I attempted to define the term of democray and tried to clarify its basic theory and practice. Probably democracy is the most emotionally provocative word in the world's vocabulary. Even the dictators of the communist countries use the term "democratic" to enhance the prestige of their regimes. The meaning of democracy defined by many great scholars may be grouped under two major ideas or schools of thought. One holds that democracy means simply particular form of government, a form in which the people hold political control over the government. The other view is thatdemocracy is much more than a mere form or system of government. In this study the writer in the main discusses the former type of democracy withemerging nations in mind. The assumptions of democracy direct and shape its institutions and processes; In other words, the assumptions determine the values; the institutions and procedures seek to provide the empirically best methods for achieving these values. The centuralassumption of democracy is that the people are capable of governing themselves- presumable because human beings are equal, rational, intelligent, moral, liberal and progressive. The institution of democracy in action is divided into two; The first stage concerns the selection of public officers in a meaningful way by the popople. The second concerns the operation of the government by public officers in a way that shows responsibility tothe wishes of the people. The preconditions for the success of democracy depend upon both the spiritual or cultural foundations and economic status of the people. It is hard to expect its successful operation without the conditions above mentioned. What the opiritual and economical conditions lack in the successful operation of democracy may be made up for by political measures rather than individual efforts, especially in the emerging nations. In this, as a conclusion, lies the importance of the political dimension of democracy.

社會開發과 社會政策

박태암 대구대학교 새마을지역사회개발연구소 1978 지역사회개발논총(地域社會開發論叢) Vol.1 No.-

This paper attempts to examine recent concepts of social development and social policy, identifying the similarity of the two concepts in contemporary studies. As is well known, the history of studies on social development is not long. They were started after the Second World War by the United Nations as a subordinate field of its efforts to help the economic development of under-developed countries. Since the 1960's, with the begining of "the Development Decade," the concept of social development has risen itself into one of two main notions of development, as a notion in balance, with that of economic development. The concept of social development has a close connection with that of "the regional development" and "the community development." There were often some overlaps and confusions in defining those concepts. But the main differences among them can be said as follow; the regional and community development is basically directed at economic and material growth, and the social development is ultimately oriented to the welfare society making. On the contrary, social policy has had a quite long history since the 19th century. Social policy has been usually defined in two ways of it; the first one is that so called "traditional definition." the second one may be called "a contemporary definition." While the former set up by German and Japanese scholars is a narrow definition focused on "how to control and preserve labor's situations effectively," the latter used by most Anglo-American scholars has a broad social program, social reform, or social planning", instead of social policy. Recently, many scholars such as M.Macbeath, W.Hagenbuch, F.Lafitte, T.H. Marshall, M.Rein, F.H.Parker and so on have given it a very similar definition to that of social development. In conclusion, in view of the observation, it may be argued that social policy should be conducted as a social development and its policy.

地域社會開發에 있어서 女性의 役割

朴泰岩 대구효성가톨릭대학교 사회과학연구소 1989 女性問題硏究 Vol.17 No.-

CD로서의 CO槪念과 그 展開

박태암 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1980 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.3 No.-

This paper attempts to define a new concept of the CD(Community Development) comparing it with that of the CO (Community Organization). As we know, the study of the latter began earlier than that of the former. Usually we divide the developmental stages of the community organization into three periods: the first period ranges from 1870s to 1920s, the second from 1930s to 1950s, and the third from 1960s to present. As the stages of the community organization has gone forward, its concept is shifted from a narrow sense for private charity to a wider one for public relief, and also has developed from a relief to a systematic welfare organization. On the other hand, the CD was initiated mainly by the United Nations after World War II. At the beginning, while CD was applied to underdeveloped countries or rural areas, the CO was generally seen to be applicable to city areas or advanced countries. However, the distinction between them has disappeared; they are now recognized to be praticable in both areas or countries. So, the concepts of the CD and the CO have become quite similar. Many scholars are defining both of them in terms of the same categories. Yet it must be added that from the viewpoint of the social work the concept of CD belongs to that of the CO, and that the CO is dealt with one of the three fields with the casework, and the group work. On the contrary, in the terms of the social science, the concept of CD implies a wide social development broader than that of the CO; The CO which is a practical organization of the community development, consists of only a part of the CD. If we want to achieve the comprehensive ways of the community development, we should treat the CO as a part of the CD.