Synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties on nanocrystalline BaFe12O19 ferrite

Yaowen Li,Qin Wang,Hua Yang 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.6

Single phase BaM (BaFe12O19) ferrites are prepared by using sol–gel method. The preparing conditions of samples are investigated in detail, such as acid/nitrate ratio, the value of pH and annealing temperature. The best conditions on preparing BaFe12O19, which can be obtained on a Fe/Ba ratio of 12, the citric acid contents R = 3, the starting pH of solution is 9, and annealing temperature 950 ℃. The thermal decomposition behavior of the dried gel was examined by TG–DSC, the structure and properties of powders were measured respectively by XRD techniques. The magnetic properties of barium ferrites are emphatically researched about the changing crystallite size and annealing temperature by the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Magnetic measurement shows that the barium ferrite samples annealed at 1000 ℃ has the maximal coercive field of 5691.91 Oe corresponding to the maximal remnant magnetization of 35.60 emu/g and the sample synthesized at 1000 ℃ has the maximal saturation magnetization of 60.75 emu/g. Single phase BaM (BaFe12O19) ferrites are prepared by using sol–gel method. The preparing conditions of samples are investigated in detail, such as acid/nitrate ratio, the value of pH and annealing temperature. The best conditions on preparing BaFe12O19, which can be obtained on a Fe/Ba ratio of 12, the citric acid contents R = 3, the starting pH of solution is 9, and annealing temperature 950 ℃. The thermal decomposition behavior of the dried gel was examined by TG–DSC, the structure and properties of powders were measured respectively by XRD techniques. The magnetic properties of barium ferrites are emphatically researched about the changing crystallite size and annealing temperature by the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Magnetic measurement shows that the barium ferrite samples annealed at 1000 ℃ has the maximal coercive field of 5691.91 Oe corresponding to the maximal remnant magnetization of 35.60 emu/g and the sample synthesized at 1000 ℃ has the maximal saturation magnetization of 60.75 emu/g.

Wastewater bath-side processing: A solution of clean manufacturing in Surface Finishing

Yaowen Cui,Chu-Cheng Yang 한국표면공학회 2019 한국표면공학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2019 No.11

On the modeling methods of small-scale piezoelectric wind energy harvesting

Liya Zhao,Yaowen Yang 국제구조공학회 2017 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.19 No.1

The interdisciplinary research area of small scale energy harvesting has attracted tremendous interests in the past decades, with a goal of ultimately realizing self-powered electronic systems. Among the various available ambient energy sources which can be converted into electricity, wind energy is a most promising and ubiquitous source in both outdoor and indoor environments. Significant research outcomes have been produced on small scale wind energy harvesting in the literature, mostly based on piezoelectric conversion. Especially, modeling methods of wind energy harvesting techniques plays a greatly important role in accurate performance evaluations as well as efficient parameter optimizations. The purpose of this paper is to present a guideline on the modeling methods of small-scale wind energy harvesters. The mechanisms and characteristics of different types of aeroelastic instabilities are presented first, including the vortex-induced vibration, galloping, flutter, wake galloping and turbulence-induced vibration. Next, the modeling methods are reviewed in detail, which are classified into three categories: the mathematical modeling method, the equivalent circuit modeling method, and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. This paper aims to provide useful guidance to researchers from various disciplines when they want to develop and model a multi-way coupled wind piezoelectric energy harvester.

Semi-analytical solutions for optimal distributions of sensors and actuators in smart structure vibration control

Zhanli Jin,Yaowen Yang,Chee Kiong Soh 국제구조공학회 2010 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.6 No.7

In this paper, the optimal design of vibration control system for smart structures has been investigated semi-analytically via the optimization of geometric parameters like the placements and sizes of piezoelectric sensors and actuators (S/As) bonded on the structures. The criterion based on the maximization of energy dissipation was adopted for the optimization of the control system. Based on the sensing and actuating equations, the total energy stored in the system which is used as the objective function was analytically derived with design variables explicitly presented. Two cases of single and combined vibration modes were addressed for a simply supported beam and a simply supported cylindrical shell. For single vibration mode, the optimal distributions of the piezoelectric S/As could be obtained analytically. However, the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) method has to be employed to solve those which violated the prescribed constraints and to solve the case of combined vibration modes. The results of three examples, which include a simply supported beam, a simply supported cylindrical shell and a simply supported plate, showed good agreement with those obtained by the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method. Moreover, in comparison with the GA method, the proposed method is more effective in obtaining better optimization results and is much more efficient in terms of computation time.

Semi-analytical solutions for optimal distributions of sensors and actuators in smart structure vibration control

Jin, Zhanli,Yang, Yaowen,Soh, Chee Kiong Techno-Press 2010 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.6 No.7

In this paper, the optimal design of vibration control system for smart structures has been investigated semi-analytically via the optimization of geometric parameters like the placements and sizes of piezoelectric sensors and actuators (S/As) bonded on the structures. The criterion based on the maximization of energy dissipation was adopted for the optimization of the control system. Based on the sensing and actuating equations, the total energy stored in the system which is used as the objective function was analytically derived with design variables explicitly presented. Two cases of single and combined vibration modes were addressed for a simply supported beam and a simply supported cylindrical shell. For single vibration mode, the optimal distributions of the piezoelectric S/As could be obtained analytically. However, the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) method has to be employed to solve those which violated the prescribed constraints and to solve the case of combined vibration modes. The results of three examples, which include a simply supported beam, a simply supported cylindrical shell and a simply supported plate, showed good agreement with those obtained by the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method. Moreover, in comparison with the GA method, the proposed method is more effective in obtaining better optimization results and is much more efficient in terms of computation time.

Contact surface element method for two-dimensional elastic contact problems

Liu, Zhengxing,Yang, Yaowen,Williams, F.W.,Jemah, A.K. Techno-Press 1998 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.6 No.4

The stiffness matrix of a two-dimensional contact surface element is deduced from the principle of virtual work. The incremental loading procedure used is controlled by displacement and stress. Special potential contact elements are used to avoid the need to rearrange the FEM mesh due to variations of the contact surface as contact develops. Published results are used to validate the method, which is then applied to a turbine to solve the contact problem between the blade root and rotor in the region in which a 'push fit' connects the blade to its rotor.

Analytical and experimental investigation of stepped piezoelectric energy harvester

Deepesh Upadrashta,Li Xiangyang,Yang Yaowen 국제구조공학회 2020 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.26 No.6

Conventional Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters (CPEH) have been extensively studied for maximizing their electrical output through material selection, geometric and structural optimization, and adoption of efficient interface circuits. In this paper, the performance of Stepped Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (SPEH) under harmonic base excitation is studied analytically, numerically and experimentally. The motivation is to compare the energy harvesting performance of CPEH and SPEHs with the same characteristics (resonant frequency). The results of this study challenge the notion of achieving higher voltage and power output through incorporation of geometric discontinuities such as step sections in the harvester beams. A CPEH consists of substrate material with a patch of piezoelectric material bonded over it and a tip mass at the free end to tune the resonant frequency. A SPEH is designed by introducing a step section near the root of substrate beam to induce higher dynamic strain for maximizing the electrical output. The incorporation of step section reduces the stiffness and consequently, a lower tip mass is used with SPEH to match the resonant frequency to that of CPEH. Moreover, the electromechanical coupling coefficient, forcing function and damping are significantly influenced because of the inclusion of step section, which consequently affects harvester's output. Three different configurations of SPEHs characterized by the same resonant frequency as that of CPEH are designed and analyzed using linear electromechanical model and their performances are compared. The variation of strain on the harvester beams is obtained using finite element analysis. The prototypes of CPEH and SPEHs are fabricated and experimentally tested. It is shown that the power output from SPEHs is lower than the CPEH. When the prototypes with resonant frequencies in the range of 56-56.5 Hz are tested at 1 m/s², three SPEHs generate power output of 482 μW, 424 μW and 228 μW when compared with 674 μW from CPEH. It is concluded that the advantage of increasing dynamic strain using step section is negated by increase in damping and decrease in forcing function. However, SPEHs show slightly better performance in terms of specific power and thus making them suitable for practical scenarios where the ratio of power to system mass is critical.

Modeling and performance evaluation of a piezoelectric energy harvester with segmented electrodes

Hongyan Wang,Lihua Tang,Xiaobiao Shan,Tao Xie,Yaowen Yang 국제구조공학회 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.14 No.2

Conventional cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) are usually fabricated with continuous electrode configuration (CEC), which suffers from the electrical cancellation at higher vibration modes. Though previous research pointed out that the segmented electrode configuration (SEC) can address this issue, a comprehensive evaluation of the PEH with SEC has yet been reported. With the consideration of delivering power to a common load, the AC outputs from all segmented electrode pairs should be rectified to DC outputs separately. In such case, theoretical formulation for power estimation becomes challenging. This paper proposes a method based on equivalent circuit model (ECM) and circuit simulation to evaluate the performance of the PEH with SEC. First, the parameters of the multi-mode ECM are identified from theoretical analysis. The ECM is then established in SPICE software and validated by the theoretical model and finite element method (FEM) with resistive loads. Subsequently, the optimal performances with SEC and CEC are compared considering the practical DC interface circuit. A comprehensive evaluation of the advantageous performance with SEC is provided for the first time. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using SEC as a simple and effective means to improve the performance of a cantilevered PEH at a higher mode.

Modeling and performance evaluation of a piezoelectric energy harvester with segmented electrodes

Wang, Hongyan,Tang, Lihua,Shan, Xiaobiao,Xie, Tao,Yang, Yaowen Techno-Press 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.14 No.2

Conventional cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) are usually fabricated with continuous electrode configuration (CEC), which suffers from the electrical cancellation at higher vibration modes. Though previous research pointed out that the segmented electrode configuration (SEC) can address this issue, a comprehensive evaluation of the PEH with SEC has yet been reported. With the consideration of delivering power to a common load, the AC outputs from all segmented electrode pairs should be rectified to DC outputs separately. In such case, theoretical formulation for power estimation becomes challenging. This paper proposes a method based on equivalent circuit model (ECM) and circuit simulation to evaluate the performance of the PEH with SEC. First, the parameters of the multi-mode ECM are identified from theoretical analysis. The ECM is then established in SPICE software and validated by the theoretical model and finite element method (FEM) with resistive loads. Subsequently, the optimal performances with SEC and CEC are compared considering the practical DC interface circuit. A comprehensive evaluation of the advantageous performance with SEC is provided for the first time. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using SEC as a simple and effective means to improve the performance of a cantilevered PEH at a higher mode.