Factors Affecting the Variation of Maximum Speech Intelligibility in Patients With Sensorineural Hearing Loss Other Than Apparent Retrocochlear Lesions

Izumi Yahata,Tetsuaki Kawase,Hiromitsu Miyazaki,Yusuke Takata,Daisuke Yamauchi,Kazuhiro Nomura,Yukio Katori 대한이비인후과학회 2015 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.8 No.3

Objectives. To examine the relationship between speech intelligibilities among the similar level of hearing loss and threshold elevation of the auditory brainstem response (ABR). Methods. The relationship between maximum speech intelligibilities among similar levels of hearing loss and relative threshold elevation of the click-evoked ABR (ABR threshold – pure tone average at 2,000 and 4,000 Hz) was retrospectively reviewed in patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) other than apparent retrocochlear lesions as auditory neuropathy, vestibular schwannoma and the other brain lesions. Results. Comparison of the speech intelligibilities in subjects with similar levels of hearing loss found that the variation in maximum speech intelligibility was significantly correlated with the threshold elevation of the ABR. Conclusion. The present results appear to support the idea that variation in maximum speech intelligibility in patients with similar levels of SNHL may be related to the different degree of dysfunctions of the inner hair cells and/or cochlear nerves in addition to those of outer hair cells.

Reconsideration of the Autonomic Cranial Ganglia: An Immunohistochemical Study of Mid‐Term Human Fetuses

Kiyokawa, Hiromichi,Katori, Yukio,Cho, Kwang Ho,Murakami, Gen,Kawase, Tetsuaki,Cho, Baik Hwan Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2012 The anatomical record Vol.295 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The cranial parasympathetic ganglia have been reported to paradoxically contain the sympathetic nerve marker, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in addition to neurons expressing parasympathetic markers such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). However, the distribution of these molecules in the cranial ganglia of human fetuses has not yet been examined. Using paraffin sections from 10 mid‐term human fetuses (12–15 weeks), we performed immunohistochemistry for TH, VIP, and nNOS in the parasympathetic ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, and submandibular ganglia, and for comparison, the sensory inferior vagal ganglion. The ciliary and submandibular ganglia contained abundant TH‐positive neurons. In the former, TH‐positive neurons were much more numerous than nNOS‐positive neurons, whereas in the latter, nNOS immunoreactivity was extremely strong. No or a few cells in the pterygopalatine, otic, and inferior vagal ganglia expressed TH. Ciliary TH neurons appeared to compensate for classically described sympathetic fibers arising from the superior cervical ganglion, whereas in the submandibular ganglion, nNOS‐positive neurons as well as TH neurons might innervate the lingual artery in addition to the salivary glands. Significant individual variations in the density of all these markers suggested differences in sensitivity to medicine affecting autonomic nerve function. Consequently, in the human cranial autonomic ganglia, it appears that there is no simple dichotomy between sympathetic and parasympathetic function. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</P>

Heterogeneity of glandular cells in the human salivary glands: an immunohistochemical study using elderly adult and fetal specimens

Yukio Katori,Shogo Hayashi,Yoshitaka Takanashi,Ji Hyun Kim,Shinichi Abe,Gen Murakami,Tetsuaki Kawase 대한해부학회 2013 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.46 No.2

Using immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100 protein (S100), p63, cytokeratin 14 (CK14), and cytokeratin 19 (CK19), we studied acinar and myoepithelial cells of major and minor salivary glands obtained from 14 donated cadavers (78-92 years old) and 5 donated fetuses (aborted at 15-16 weeks of gestation). CK and p63 expression was investigated only in the adult specimens. SMA was detected in all adult glands as well as in fetal sublingual and pharyngeal glands. GFAP expression was seen in a limited number of cells in adult glands, but was highly expressed in fetal pharyngeal glands. S100-positive myoepithelial-like cells were present in adult minor glands as well as in fetal sublingual and pharyngeal glands. Expression of p63 was evident in the ducts of adult glands. CK14 immunoreactivity was observed in a limited number of glandular cells in adults, in contrast to consistent expression of CK19. In both adults and fetuses, a mosaic expression pattern was usually evident for each of the examined proteins. A difference in immunoreactivity for the nerve markers GFAP and S100 was observed between the major and minor glands. Thus, in the present histologic study, we distinguished between the specific gland types on the basis of their immunohistochemical staining. A mosaic expression pattern suggested that the immunoreactivity against nerve protein markers in myoepithelial cells could not be due to the persistence of neural crest remnants or the physiological status of the gland, such as age-related degeneration.

Initial stage of fetal development of the pharyngotympanic tube cartilage with special reference to muscle attachments to the tube

Yukio Katori,Jose Francisco Rodrí,guez-Vá,zquez,Samuel Verdugo-Ló,pez,Gen Murakami,Tetsuaki Kawase,Toshimitsu Kobayashi 대한해부학회 2012 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.45 No.3

Fetal development of the cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube (PTT) is characterized by its late start. We examined semiserial histological sections of 20 human fetuses at 14-18 weeks of gestation. As controls, we also observed sections of 5 large fetuses at around 30 weeks. At and around 14 weeks, the tubal cartilage first appeared in the posterior side of the pharyngeal opening of the PTT. The levator veli palatini muscle used a mucosal fold containing the initial cartilage for its downward path to the palate. Moreover, the cartilage is a limited hard attachment for the muscle. Therefore, the PTT and its cartilage seemed to play a critical role in early development of levator veli muscle. In contrast, the cartilage developed so that it extended laterally, along a fascia-like structure that connected with the tensor tympani muscle. This muscle appeared to exert mechanical stress on the initial cartilage. The internal carotid artery was exposed to a loose tissue facing the tubal cartilage. In large fetuses, this loose tissue was occupied by an inferior extension of the temporal bone to cover the artery. This later-developing anterior wall of the carotid canal provided the final bony origin of the levator veli palatini muscle. The tubal cartilage seemed to determine the anterior and inferior margins of the canal. Consequently, the tubal cartilage development seemed to be accelerated by a surrounding muscle, and conversely, the cartilage was likely to determine the other muscular and bony structures.

Clarithromycin decreases rhinovirus replication and cytokine production in nasal epithelial cells from subjects with bronchial asthma: effects on IL-6, IL-8 and IL-33

Mutsuo Yamaya,Kazuhiro Nomura,Kazuya Arakawa,Mitsuru Sugawara,Xue Deng,Nadine Lusamba Kalonji,Hidekazu Nishimura,Mitsuhiro Yamada,Ryoichi Nagatomi,Tetsuaki Kawase 대한약학회 2020 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.43 No.5

Rhinoviral infection is associated with anincreased risk of asthma attacks. The macrolide clarithromycindecreases cytokine production in nasopharyngealaspirates from patients with wheezing, but the effectsof macrolides on cytokine production in nasal epithelialcells obtained from asthmatic subjects remain unclear. Here, human nasal epithelial cells were infected with type-14 rhinovirus (RV14), a major RV group. Titers and RNAof RV14 and cytokine concentrations, including IL-1b andIL-6, were higher in the supernatants of the cells obtainedfrom subjects with bronchial asthma (asthmatic group) thanin those from the non-asthmatic group. Pretreatment withclarithromycin decreased RV14 titers, viral RNA andcytokine concentrations, and susceptibility to RV14infection. Pretreatment with clarithromycin also decreasedIL-33 production, which was detected after infection. Pretreatment with clarithromycin decreased the expressionof intercellular adhesion molecule-1, the receptor forRV14, after infection, the number and fluorescence intensityof the acidic endosomes through which RV RNAenters the cytoplasm, and the activation of nuclear factorkappa-B proteins in nuclear extracts. These findings suggestedthat RV replication and cytokine production may beenhanced in nasal epithelial cells obtained from subjectswith bronchial asthma and may be modulated byclarithromycin.