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- 저자 : Sjodin, Andreas (검색결과 4 건)
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Characterization of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Atlanta
Li, Zheng,Sjodin, Andreas,Porter, Erin N.,Patterson Jr., Donald G.,Needham Jr., Larry L.,Lee Jr., Sangil,Russell Jr., Armistead G.,Mulholland Jr., James A. Elsevier 2009 Atmospheric environment Vol.43 No.5
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Twenty-four hour PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> samples from a rural site, an urban site, and a suburban site (next to a major highway) in the metropolitan Atlanta area in December 2003 and June 2004 were analyzed for 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Extraction of the air samples was conducted using an accelerated solvent extraction method followed by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry determination. Distinct seasonal variations were observed in total PAH concentration (i.e. significantly higher concentrations in December than in June). Mean concentrations for total particulate PAHs in December were 3.16, 4.13, and 3.40ngm<SUP>−3</SUP> for the urban, suburban and rural sites, respectively, compared with 0.60, 0.74, and 0.24ngm<SUP>−3</SUP> in June. Overall, the suburban site, which is impacted by a nearby major highway, had higher PAH concentration than did the urban site. Total PAH concentrations were found to be well correlated with PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) in both months (<I>r</I><SUP>2</SUP>=0.36–0.78, <I>p</I><0.05), although the slopes from the two months were different. PAHs represented on average 0.006% of total PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass and 0.017% of OC in June, compared with 0.033% of total PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> and 0.14% of OC in December. Total PAH concentrations were also correlated with potassium ion (<I>r</I><SUP>2</SUP>=0.39, <I>p</I>=0.014) in December, but not in June, suggesting that in winter biomass burning can potentially be an important source for particulate PAH. Retene was found at a higher median air concentration at the rural site than at the urban and suburban sites—unlike the rest of the PAHs, which were found at lower levels at the rural site. Retene also had a larger seasonal difference and had the weakest correlation with the rest of the PAHs measured, suggesting that retene, in particular, might be associated with biomass burning.</P>
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Behnam, M.,Nolte, T.,Sjodin, M.,Insik Shin IEEE 2010 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS - Vol.6 No.1
<P>The hierarchical scheduling framework (HSF) has been introduced as a design-time framework to enable compositional schedulability analysis of embedded software systems with real-time properties. In this paper, a software system consists of a number of semi-independent components called subsystems. Subsystems are developed independently and later integrated to form a system. To support this design process, in the paper, the proposed methods allow non-intrusive configuration and tuning of subsystem timing-behavior via subsystem interfaces for selecting scheduling parameters. This paper considers three methods to handle overruns due to resource sharing between subsystems in the HSF. For each one of these three overrun methods corresponding scheduling algorithms and associated schedulability analysis are presented together with analysis that shows under what circumstances one or the other is preferred. The analysis is generalized to allow for both fixed priority scheduling (FPS) and earliest deadline first (EDF) scheduling. Also, a further contribution of the paper is the technique of calculating resource-holding times within the framework under different scheduling algorithms; the resource holding times being an important parameter in the global schedulability analysis.</P>
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A Synchronization Protocol for Temporal Isolation of Software Components in Vehicular Systems
Nolte, T.,Insik Shin,Behnam, M.,Sjodin, M. IEEE 2009 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS - Vol.5 No.4
<P>We present a method that allows for integration of individually developed functions of software components into a predictable real-time system. The method has been designed to provide a lightweight mechanism that gives temporal firewalls between functions, preventing unpredictable side effects during function integration. The method maps well to the AUTOSAR (automotive open system architecture) software component model and can thus be used to facilitate seamless and predictable integration and isolation of AUTOSAR components that have been developed by different manufacturers. Specifically, this paper presents a protocol for synchronization in a hierarchical real-time scheduling framework. Using our protocol, a software component does not need to know, and is not dependent on, the timing behavior of software components belonging to other functions; even though they share mutually exclusive resources. In this paper, we also prove the correctness of our approach and evaluate its efficiency and cost in terms of system load in a vehicular context.</P>
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Li, Z.,Porter, E.N.,Sjodin, A.,Needham, L.L.,Lee, S.,Russell, A.G.,Mulholland, J.A. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2009 Atmospheric environment Vol.43 No.27
Twenty-eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and methylated PAHs (Me-PAH) were measured in daily PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> samples collected at an urban site, a suburban site, and a rural site in and near Atlanta during 2004 (5 samples/month/site). The suburban site, located near a major highway, had higher PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>-bound PAH concentrations than did the urban site, and the rural site had the lowest PAH levels. Monthly variations are described for concentrations of total PAHs (@?PAHs) and individual PAHs. PAH concentrations were much higher in cold months than in warm months, with average monthly @?PAH concentrations at the urban and suburban-highway monitoring sites ranging from 2.12 to 6.85 ng m<SUP>-3</SUP> during January-February and November-December 2004, compared to 0.38-0.98 ng m<SUP>-3</SUP> during May-September 2004. @?PAH concentrations were found to be well correlated with PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> and organic carbon (OC) within seasons, and the fractions of PAHs in PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> and OC were higher in winter than in summer. Methyl phenanthrenes were present at higher levels than their un-substituted homologue (phenanthrene), suggesting a petrogenic (unburned petroleum products) input. Retene, a proposed tracer for biomass burning, peaked in March, the month with the highest acreage and frequency of prescribed burning and unplanned fires, and in December, during the high residential wood-burning season, indicating that retene might be a good marker for burning of all biomass materials. In contrast, potassium peaked only in December, indicating that it might be a more specific tracer for wood-burning.
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