The Determinants of Geographical Distance between Married Couples and Their Parents

Choi, Saeeun(최새은),Choi, Seulki(최슬기) 한국인구학회 2020 한국인구학 Vol.43 No.1

세대간 가족관계가 빠르게 변화하면서 세대간 지리적 근접성도 변화하고 있다. 남편 부모와 동거는 줄어드는 반면, 아내 부모와 동거는 늘어나고 있다. 또한 동거와는 구분되는 근접거주라는 현상도 나타나고 있다. 이 논문은 이러한 변화를 실증적으로 분석함으로써, 한국사회의 세대간 지리적 근접성의 현황과, 그 결정요인을 설명해보고자 하였다. 이 연구는 3차 여성가족패널조사에서 적어도 한 명이상의 노부모를 가진 30~40대 기혼 여성들을 대상으로 다항로짓모형으로 분석한 것이다. 지리적 거리는 30분 이상 떨어져 거주, 30분 이내 근접 거주, 동거라는 세 가지 형태로 유형화하였다. 노부모의 자원과 필요성이라는 측면에서 노부모의 두분 모두 생존여부, 건강상태, 부부 각각의 형제자매수를 고려하였다. 부부에게서는 필요성이라는 측면에서 자녀의 연령, 아내의 취업여부 및 근로시간, 자원이라는 측면에서 남편의 취업여부, 경제력을 고려하였다. 분석결과에 따르면 아내쪽 부모와 남편쪽 부모에 따라 동거 내지 근접거주를 가져오는 자원과 필요성 요인들간에 차이가 나타났다. 부모의 필요에 따른 동거는 남편쪽 부모에게서 더 강하였다. 비도시지역에 거주할 경우 남편쪽 부모와 동거 내지 근접 거주할 가능성이 더 높았다. 형제자매수에 따른 조절효과도 검증하였다. As intergenerational family relationship is rapidly changing, it is also reshaping geographical distance between generations. The ingrained culture of living together with husband’s parents is decreasing while cohabitation with wife’s parents is increasing. Moreover, as distinct from cohabitation, the new phenomenon called “adjacent residence” has come to the surface. This study aims to explore the current situation of geographical distance between generations in the Korean society and its determinants. It analyzed married women in their 30s and 40s with at least one elderly parent from the 3rd Wave of Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families, using the multinomial logistic regression model. It categorized geographical distance into 3 types: 1) residence more than 30 minutes apart, 2) adjacent residence within 30 minutes, and 3) cohabitation. In the aspect of resources and needs of elderly parents, it considers both elderly parents’ status, their health condition, and each couple’s sibling size. For couples, their children’s age and wife’s employment status/working hours were considered in terms of necessity, and husband’s employment status and economic power in terms of resources. The findings show that wife’s employment status has a positive effect on cohabitation with and geographical proximity to their elderly parents. There is a weak moderating effect of the number of siblings on elderly parents. The association could be different in terms of parent-line. The age of married women is associated with a possibility of living with only husband’s elderly parents. The effect of elderly parents’ needs was found to be stronger among the husband’s elderly parents. The probability of cohabitation/living close to husband’s elderly parents is higher if their married children live in rural areas. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Li Plating Behavior in Carbonate-Based Electrolyte with Addictives

SeulKi Choi(최슬기),Byoung Rok Nah(나병록),Yoon Myung(명윤),Chan Woong Na(나찬웅),MinHo Yang(양민호) 한국표면공학회 2021 한국표면공학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.12

Women’s Wage and Childbearing

Seulki Choi(최슬기) 한국인구학회 2012 한국인구학 Vol.35 No.2

이 논문에서는 여성 임금과 출산율의 관계를 미국자료(NLSY79)를 통해 분석하였다. 여성임금은 사회학적 시각에서는 역할충돌을 완화하는 기제로, 경제학적 시각에서는 소득효과와 대체효과가 혼재되어 있는 것으로 이해될 수 있다. 분석 결과, 여성의 시간당 임금과 출산수준은 대체로 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 정의 관계를 보인 경우는 대졸여성의 자녀수와 그녀의 2년 전 시간당 임금의 경우 뿐이었다. 연령대별로 나누어 살펴보면, 나이가 들어갈수록 부의 관계는 약화되는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 이산형 위험모델을 통한 분석결과, 이러한 관계는 교육수준에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 고졸이하의 여성은 임금이 상승할 때 출산을 줄이는 경향이 나타났지만, 그이상의 학력을 가진 여성은 임금이 상승할 때 오히려 출산을 늘이는 경향이 나타났다. 이는 상대적으로 고소득이 기대되는 고등교육을 바진 여성에게서만 임금상승이 역할 충돌을 완화하는 작용을 성공적으로 하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 임금상승의 의미가 저학력 여성에겐 대체 효과가 더 크고, 고학력 여성에겐 소득효과가 더 크다고 해석될 수 있다. 이는 출산을 미룬 대졸여성들에겐 노동시장에서 성공이 출산에 긍정적 관계를 갖는다는 의미를 보여준다. This research studies how women’s hourly wages affect childbearing using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The results of discrete time hazard model show that the relationship between women’s hourly wage and fertility is dynamic. Overall relationship looks negative, but they are not consistent across education levels. Women who have a high school diploma or less have a tendency to decrease childbearing when their wages increase. But women who have some college experience or a college degree are likely to have children when their wages increase. It means that only for highly educated women who are likely to be in high paying decent jobs, the rise of income can be used as a resource for reconciling the mother’s and worker’s roles. Or, for less educated women who are likely to be in the low paying jobs, the rise of income is not large enough to lessen role incompatibility.

Motherhood and Wage Discrimination, Evidences from NLSY 1982-2006, United States

Seulki Choi 한국사회학회 2011 韓國社會學 Vol.45 No.3

This article explores the wage gap between mothers and non-mothers, which is called the motherhood wage penalty. Previous researches have focused on the loss of job experience due to motherhood as a key reason of the penalty. On the contrary, this paper focuses on discrimination against motherhood. Using data from the 1982-2006 National Longitudinal Study of Youth with residual analysis, I find that women are experiencing 2% of motherhood wage discrimination per child. It is roughly one-third of the gross motherhood wage penalty. I also find that sizes of the discrimination are different by the location in the occupational hierarchy. Managers/professionals are not suffering from wage discrimination. Whereas, manual workers are suffering from the discrimination, 3% per child. The 69% of the wage gap persists after controlling for productivity measures. Even among laborers and service workers, their penalties are 6% per child and more than 90% of wage gap is attributed to discriminatory factors. It implies that motherhood discrimination persists in spite of the declined gender wage discrimination, especially mothers who does not have authorities nor skills. The discrimination may just be modified or happen at a different boundary, from women vs. men, to mothers vs. non-mothers.

TRPV1 in Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells Is Not Involved in Salivary Secretion via Transcellular Pathway

Choi, Seulki,Shin, Yong-Hwan,Namkoong, Eun,Hwang, Sung-Min,Cong, Xin,Yu, Guangyan,Park, Kyungpyo The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2014 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.18 No.6

Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) was originally found in sensory neurons. Recently, it has been reported that TRPV1 is expressed in salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC). However, the physiological role of TRPV1 in salivary secretion remains to be elucidated. We found that TRPV1 is expressed in mouse and human submandibular glands (SMG) and HSG cells, originated from human submandibular gland ducts at both mRNA and protein levels. However, capsaicin (CAP), TRPV1 agonist, had little effect on intracellular free calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) in these cells, although carbachol consistently increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. Exposure of cells to high temperature (> $43^{\circ}C$) or acidic bath solution (pH5.4) did not increase $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, either. We further examined the role of TRPV1 in salivary secretion using TRPV1 knock-out mice. There was no significant difference in the pilocarpine (PILO)-induced salivary flow rate between wild-type and TRPV1 knock-out mice. Saliva flow rate also showed insignificant change in the mice treated with PILO plus CAP compared with that in mice treated with PILO alone. Taken together, our results suggest that although TRPV1 is expressed in SGEC, it appears not to play any direct roles in saliva secretion via transcellular pathway.

Life Satisfaction, Occupation and Gender

SEULKI CHOI,KYUNG WON LIM 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2020 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.49 No.1

This study aims to understand the impacts of wages and occupational prestige on life satisfaction among wage workers by occupation and gender in South Korea using data from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) and analyzing it with a fixed effects ordered logit analysis. The results show that wage positively affects life satisfaction for both male and female workers but that it matters more for women. The effects are also different by occupation. Wage is more significant in the life satisfaction of male managers and clerks. Regarding prestige, it has no significant impact on the life satisfaction of male workers, but it affects female workers. By occupation, it matters more for managers, professionals, and semi-professionals but for clerks, it does not affect much among male employees. On the other hand, it dominates all occupations among female workers, so the differences in life satisfaction by occupation amongst women can be said to be mainly due to occupational prestige.

삼각관계 속의 고대 조선, 존망의 순간 -기원전 4세기~기원전 2세기경 동아시아 국제관계-

최슬기(Choi Seulki) 한국고대사학회 2023 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.- No.112

Among the several wars occurred during the existence of Ancient Chosŏn, the war against Yan(燕) Dynasty of the Warring States in the 3rd century BC only weakened Chosŏn, whereas the war against the Han Empire in the 2nd century BC led to Chosŏn destruction. Around 280 BC, Yan’s justification for the invasion of Chosŏn was the opponent’s arrogance and atrocity. However, contrary to its justification, the real cause of the war was Yan’s desire for vengeance against Qi(齊). Due to its friendly relationship that had maintained for a long time with Qi, Chosŏn was in a position to harass Yan’s rear, or join forces with Qi to attack on Yan together. Thus, Yan strategically attacked Chosŏn. Although the invasion weakened Chosŏn, it survived from Yan’s invasion. In 109 BC, Chosŏn fought a war against the Han Empire. Han’s justification for the invasion was that Chosŏn did not comply with pledges as a vassal state. Still, this justification was simply an excuse, since the real purpose of the war was based on Chosŏn’s friendly relationship with Xiongnu, which threatened the safety of the empire from the early stage of its foundation. Also, Chosŏn could endanger the northeastern region of the empire in solidarity with Xiongnu, while it was in a position to attack Xiongnu from its southwest side with the Han Empire. In other words, Chosŏn had the advantage to determine the tide of the war between Han and Xiongnu. Chosŏn fought the wars against Yan or the Han Empire under the reasons that it was in a position to possibly disturb from rear or support the enemy state, when the state was in a triangle relationship. In practice, the human and material resources of Chosŏn were threatening enough to its counterparts. Contrary to their justifications they proclaimed, Chosŏn’s wars against them were strongly influenced by the international situation where the interrelationships between the three countries intersected.

한국사회의 인구변화와 사회문제

최슬기(Seulki Choi) 비판사회학회 2015 경제와 사회 Vol.- No.106

이 논문은 국내외 인구학계의 성과를 중심으로 인구변화가 사회현상에 주는 의미와 그 영향력의 정도를 논의하고자 했다. 본론에서는 출생, 사망, 이동이라는 인구요인이 인구수/인구구조에 영향을 미치는 인과관계와 인구수/인구구조가 사회현상에 영향을 미치는 인과관계라는 두개의 부분으로 구분해 접근했다. 인구요인 중 출생에서는 퀀텀효과와 템포효과에 따른 합계출산율의 변화에 대한 논의, 합계출산율에 따른 미래인구변화 양상, 가임기 여성인구수와 출생아수의 관계에 대하여 논의했다. 사망에서는 기대수명과 조사망률을 구분하여 변화양상을 소개했다. 국내이동에서는 1990년 이후 수도권내 이동 비중의 확대라는 특징을, 국제이동에서는 2006년경부터 순유출이 순유입으로 전환되었다는 특징을 지적했다. 인구수의 영향에서는 적정인구 논의가 한국적 맥락에서 어떤 의미와 한계를 갖는지 보여주고자 했다. 인구구조에서는 부양비의 변화와 함께 과거 인구학적 배당이 경제성장에 도움을 주었던 인과관계를 논의했다. 그러나 인구학적 배당이 기계적으로 발생한 것이 아니었던 것처럼 향후 인구오너스가 발생하지 않거나 그 영향력이 파괴적이지 않을 수도 있음을 지적했다. 무엇보다 미래를 대비하기 위한 인구학적 지식의 중요성을 강조하면서, 한국인구구조에서 베이비붐의 특징과 80만 세대가 40만 세대로 변화하는 양상을 소개했다. 끝으로 한국인구구조는 변화속도가 빠르며 단절이 있음을 주목해 인구변화에 발빠른 대응을 주문했다. This research explores the implications and the leverage of population change in social phenomena. It examines casual relationships in two aspects; first, the influence of population factors on population and demographic structure, and second, the impact of population or demographic structure on social phenomena. The components of population factors have following considerations. For birth, a) changes in TFR in accordance with the quantum and the tempo effects, b) future prospects of population change in regard to the TFR, and 3) the relationship between the size of reproductive age population and the number of the birth were discussed. Next, changes in patterns of death were highlighted by distinguishing CDR from life expectancy. In migration, two factors have been pointed out: first, the scale-up of movements within Seoul metropolitan area since 1990s in domestic migration, and second, a switch from net outflow to net inflow since 2006 in international migration. In terms of population, the implications and limitations of optimum population concept in Korean context has been discussed. In the aspect of demographic structure, the casual relationship between changes in dependency rate and the economic contribution of past demographic dividend was examined. However, it has been noted that the influence of demographic dividend may not be destructive and demographic onus may not occur at all considering that the first demographic dividend did not occur mechanically. This paper emphasizes on the importance of demographical knowledge to prepare for the future while introducing the characteristics of baby boom generations and the changes of population from 80 million generation to 40 million generation. Ultimately, this paper asks for a swift response to population changes as it concerns the rapid changes and breaks in Korean demographic structure.

Oxygen vacancy induced structural evolution of <tex> $ \mathrm{SrFeO}_{3-x}$</tex> epitaxial thin film from brownmillerite to perovskite

Roh, Seulki,Lee, Seokbae,Lee, Myounghoon,Seo, Yu-Seong,Khare, Amit,Yoo, Taesup,Woo, Sungmin,Choi, Woo Seok,Hwang, Jungseek,Glamazda, A.,Choi, K.-Y. American Physical Society 2018 Physical Review B Vol.97 No.7

장래인구추계의 확실성과 불확실성

최슬기(Seulki Choi) 한국인구학회 2013 한국인구학 Vol.36 No.4

장래인구추계 정보는 미래를 대비함에 있어 활용되는 가장 기본이 되는 자료임에도 불구하고 불확실성에 대한 이해 및 평가는 부족한 경우가 많았다. 이 연구에서는 2011년도 통계청 장래인구추계를 대상으로 추계의 방법 및 결과를 분석함으로써 추계 결과의 불확실성을 평가해보고자 하였다. 연구결과, 인구추계 정보는 추계대상이 되는 미래 연도와 특정 연령대에 따라 불확실성이 크게 달라지는 것으로 나타났다. 우선 출산율 가정이 영향을 미치는 영역은 가까운 미래의 경우에도 불확실성이 상당히 존재했다. 출산율 가정이 영향을 미치지 않는 영역에서는 50년 후인 2060년까지도 남자는 64세, 여자는 74세까지 불확실성이 5% 이내에 불과할 것으로 기대되었다. 즉 장래인구추계는 장래시기 및 연령에 따라 불확실성이 나타나는 정도가 크게 다르고, 일정 연령대에서는 한 세대를 넘어선 미래까지도 신뢰할 수 있는 수치를 제공할 수 있다는 점이 확인되었다. 추계정보의 이용자들은 이처럼 불확실성이 영역에 따라 다름을 고려하여 추계정보를 활용해야 할 것이다. Although the future population projection is the fundamental resource that is commonly used to predict the future, there was lack of understanding regarding its credibility. This research tried to evaluate the credibility of the population projection by analyzing the projection methodology and the results from 2011 future population projection published by Statistics Korea. The results showed that the uncertainty in the population projection altered drastically depending on the estimating year and age. First, in the area where the fertility rate assumption affects, there existed significant uncertainties even in the foreseeable future. In the area where the fertility rate assumption does not affect, the uncertainty was expected to be within 5 percent until 74-year-old for women and 64-year-old for men by 2060. Thus, users of the population projection are advised to consider that the uncertainty differs depending on year and age and to take advantage of this information.