The Occurrence of Extrafloral Nectaries in Korean Plants

Pemberton, Robert W. The Ecological Society of Korea 1990 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.13 No.4

Extrafloral nectaries have been shown in many studies to promote mutualistic interactions between plants and insects(usually ants) that visit the glands. The insects gain sugars, water and amino acids secreted by the extrafloral nectaries and benefit the plants by reducing the damage caused by plant's inseet herbivores. Little is known about the occurrence of extrafloral nectaries in plants growing in Asia. To learn about the occurrence of extrafloral nectary bearing plants in Korea, living plants and herbarium material were examined for the glands. In addition, the cover of plants with extrafloral nectaries and the proportion of woody plants with extrafloral nectaries were measured in three forest communities on Kangwha Island. 131 species of plants belonging to 53 genera and 30 families were found to have extrafloral nectaries. These 131 species comprise about 4.0% of Korea's flora, a highet percentage of extrafloral nectary bearing plants than occurs in the studied areas of North America. Extrafloral nectary bearing plants occupied 7, 23 and 55% of the covers and comprised 15, 21 and 15% of the woody plants in the three different forests, a significant level of occurrence. Many important Korean crop plants were found to have extrafloral nectaries including : sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), squash (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam), persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) cotton (Gossypium indicum Lam.), mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.), red bean (Phaseolus angularis W.F.), peach (Prunus persica (L) Batsch.), plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.). Many of these cultivated and wild plants may receive protection by ants and other beneficial insects that visit their extrafloral nectaries.

WILD FOOD PLANTS IN SOUTH KOREA; MARKET PRESENCE, NEW CROPS, AND EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES

PEMBERTON, ROBERT W.,LEE,NAM SOOK 이화여자대학교 환경문제연구소 1997 이화환경연구 Vol.1 No.-

한국에 야생하는 식용식물의 실태를 파악하기 위하여 1989년부터 1995년까지 시장을 조사하였다. 시판되는 식물은 40과 83속 112종 이었다. 잎을 야채로 사용하는 식풀이 가장 많았고 (73.2%) 다음은 열매(22.3%), 뿌리(6.2%)와 꽃(4.3%)순으로 나타났다. 이러한 식물 종의 약 반은 3과 :국화과(29종), 백합과(10종) 및 산형과(7종)에 속한다. 1992년에는 이러한 야생식물중 19종류가 25,000이상의 농가에서 새로운 작물로 재배되었다. 1994년 이러한 야생식용식물 증 적어도 11종류가 미국으로 수입되어 한국 식품 상인들에 의해 팔리고 있었다.

WILD FOOD PLANTS IN SOUTH KOREA : MARKET PRESENCE, NEW CROPS, AND EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES

PEMBERTON, ROBERT W.,LEE, NAM SOOK 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1996 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.7 No.-

한국의 야생식용식물; 시판, 신재배 및 대미수출식물. 한국에 야생하는 식용식물의 실태를 파악하기 위하여 1989년 부터 1995년 까지 시장을 조사하였다. 시판되는 식물은 40과 83속 112종 이었다. 잎을 야채로 사용하는 식물이 가장 많았고(73.2%)다음은 열매(22.3%), 뿌리(6.2%)와 꽃(4.3%)순으로 나타났다. 이러한 식물 종의 약 반은 3과: 국화과 (29종), 백합과(10종)및 산형과(7종)에 속하였다. 1992년에는 이러한 야생식물 중 19종류가 25,000이상의 농가에서 새로운 작물로 재배되었다. 1994년 이러한 야생식용식물 중 적어도 11종류가 미국으로 수입되어 한국 식품 상인들에 의해 팔리고 있었다. South Korean food markets were examined for the presence of wild-gathered food plants between 1989 and 1995. One hundred twelve species belonging to 83 genera and 40 families were found. Plants used as leafy vegetables were the most common(73.2%), followed by fruits(22.3%), root vegetables(6.2%)and flower foods(4.4%). Nearly half of these plant species belonged to three families: Asteraceae(29)Liliaceae(10)and Apiaceae(7). As of 1992, 19 of these wild foods were also being grown as new crops, a development that involved more than 25000 farm households. As least eleven of these wild food plants were exported to the United States in 1994, where they are sold by Korean food markets.

Parasitoid Complex of the Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) in the Increase-phase Populations in Korea

이장훈,Robert W. PEMBERTON 한국생태학회 2009 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.32 No.2

The species composition of the parasitoid complex and the degree of parasitism by each species were analyzed for gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations in the increasing phase. Total of 7,826 mid-late instar larvae and pupae were collected and reared from two collection sites in Gangwon vince, Korea. Two tachinid flies (Blepharipa schineri and Parasetigena silvestris), and the ichneumonid wasp (Coccygomimus disparis) were the most abundant parasitoids, in the order of decreasing importance. Other parasitoids occurring included Coteisa melanoscelus, Cotesia scheaferi, Glyptapanteles liparidis, a lasus, and Exorista spp. The low incidence of the NPVirus is hypothesized to be an important factor in determining degree of parasitism rate by P. silvestris and B. schineri, and their relative dominance in the parasitoid complex. The species composition of the parasitoid complex and the degree of parasitism by each species were analyzed for gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations in the increasing phase. Total of 7,826 mid-late instar larvae and pupae were collected and reared from two collection sites in Gangwon vince, Korea. Two tachinid flies (Blepharipa schineri and Parasetigena silvestris), and the ichneumonid wasp (Coccygomimus disparis) were the most abundant parasitoids, in the order of decreasing importance. Other parasitoids occurring included Coteisa melanoscelus, Cotesia scheaferi, Glyptapanteles liparidis, a lasus, and Exorista spp. The low incidence of the NPVirus is hypothesized to be an important factor in determining degree of parasitism rate by P. silvestris and B. schineri, and their relative dominance in the parasitoid complex.

Parasitoid complex of the bird cherry ermine moth Yponomeuta evonymellus in Korea

이장훈,Robert W. PEMBERTON 한국곤충학회 2009 Entomological Research Vol.39 No.3

The parasitoid complex of Yponomeuta evonymellus L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), the bird cherry ermine moth (BCEM), was sought in South Korea with the goal of identifying its potential biological controls. Thirteen primary and two secondary parasitoids were found. Diadegma armillatum (Grav.), Herpestomus brunnicornis Grav. (Icheumonidae), and Zenillia dolosa (Meigen) (Tachinidae) were the most important parasitoids causing 3.5%, 7.1%, and 7.7% of the combined parasitism of the host larvae and pupae, respectively. The composition of parasitoid species was more diverse in larvae than in pupae; 10 species were reared from larvae, compared to six from pupae. The parasitoid complex contributed to the relatively low mortality levels of Yponomeuta evonymellus with the combined total rate of parasitism of 29.6% for the host larvae and pupae. This level is below that found in some European populations (50%) and is not greater than the larval rate of parasitism (31%) found in the congeneric apple ermine moth in Korea. This low rate of parasitism is partly attributed to the parasitism by Ageniaspis fuscicollis (1%) detected in Yponomeuta evonymellus, which is similar to that detected in Yponomeuta evonymellus in European reports. This is the first report of the parasitoid complex attacking the BCEM in Korea.

Seasonal phenology and stage-specific parasitism of the apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller, in Korea

이장훈,Robert W. PEMBERTON 한국곤충학회 2007 Entomological Research Vol.37 No.1

The apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), is a tent caterpillar that feeds on Malus spp. in Korea. Populations of the moth in native areas appeared to be regulated by the assemblage of parasitoids. Phenological associations between host stages and parasitoids, susceptible stage(s) of the host for each parasitoid, and stage-specific parasitism were studied. The egg larval parasitoid Ageniaspis fuscicollis (Dalman) had highest parasitism of first instar larvae (24%), with 14% parasitism of other larval stages. Dolichogenidea delecta (Haliday) was recovered from all larval instars with the highest parasitism rate of second instar larvae (20.1%), followed by 19.9% parasitism of mid-larval hosts. Herpestomus brunicornis Gravenhorst was reared from second instar larvae through to pupal collection, and had the highest parasitism rate (29.9%) at the pupal stage. The larval pupal parasitoid Zenillia dolosa (Meigen) was recovered from mid-larval to pupal stages with the highest parasitism rate (5.5%) occurring in third to fourth instar larvae. The host stages for developing A. fuscicollis completely overlap with those of D. delecta, and with those of H. brunicornis to some degree.A statistically significant negative correlation exists between A. fuscicollis and these dominant parasitoids, indicating competitive interaction within the host.

Parasitoid Complex of the Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) in the Increase-phase Populations in Korea

Lee, Jang-Hoon,Pemberton, Robert W. The Ecological Society of Korea 2009 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.32 No.2

The species composition of the parasitoid complex and the degree of parasitism by each species were analyzed for gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations in the increasing phase. Total of 7,826 mid-late instar larvae and pupae were collected and reared from two collection sites in Gangwon Province, Korea. Two tachinid flies (Blepharipa schineri and Parasetigena silvestris), and the ichneumonid wasp (Coccygomimus disparis) were the most abundant parasitoids, in the order of decreasing importance. Other parasitoids occurring included Coteisa melanoscelus, Cotesia scheaferi, Glyptapanteles liparidis, Brachymeria lasus, and Exorista spp. The low incidence of the NPVirus is hypothesized to be an important factor in determining degree of parasitism rate by P. silvestris and B. schineri, and their relative dominance in the parasitoid complex.

A new species of Paratachardina Balachowsky (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kerriidae) related to the lobate lac scale, P. pseudolobata Kondo & Gullan

Takumasa Kondo,Penny J. Gullan,Robert W. Pemberton 한국응용곤충학회 2011 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.14 No.1

A new species of lac insect, Paratachardina javanensis Kondo and Gullan, sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccoidea:Kerriidae), is described and illustrated from a collection on Myrica rubra Siebold and Zucc. (also called Morella rubra Lour., Myricaceae) in West Java, Indonesia. This lac insect species is most similar morphologically to the pestiferous lobate lac scale, Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo and Gullan. A comparison of the two species and an updated taxonomic key to all named Paratachardina species are provided.