High Resolution Whole Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (wgMLST) Schemes for Salmonella enterica Weltevreden Epidemiologic Investigations

Pakpoom Tadee,Phacharaporn Tadee,Matthew D. Hitchings,Ben Pascoe,Samuel K. Sheppard,Prapas Patchanee 한국미생물·생명공학회 2018 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.46 No.2

Non-typhoidal Salmonella is one of the main pathogens causing food-borne illness in humans, with up to 20% of cases resulting from consumption of pork products. Over the gastroenteritis signs, multidrug resistant Salmonella has arisen. In this study, pan-susceptible phenotypic strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden recovered from pig production chain in Chiang Mai, Thailand during 2012−2014 were chosen for analysis. The aim of this study was to use whole genome sequencing (WGS) data with an emphasis on antimicrobial resistance gene investigation to assess their pathogenic potential and genetic diversity determination based on whole genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (wgMLST) to expand epidemiological knowledge and to provide additional guidance for disease control. Analyis using ResFinder 3.0 for WGS database tracing found that one of pan-susceptible phenotypic strain carried five classes of resistance genes: aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, phenicol, sulfonamide, and tetracycline associated genes. Twenty four and 36 loci differences were detected by core genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (cgMLST) and pan genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (pgMLST), respectively, in two matching strains (44/13 vs A543057 and A543056 vs 204/13) initially assigned by conventional MLST and Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). One hundread percent discriminant ability can be achieved using the wgMLST technique. WGS is currently the ultimate molecular technique for various in-depth studies. As the findings stated above, a new of “gold standard typing method era” for routine works in genome study is being set.

High Resolution Whole Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (wgMLST) Schemes for Salmonella enterica Weltevreden Epidemiologic Investigations

Tadee, Pakpoom,Tadee, Phacharaporn,Hitchings, Matthew D.,Pascoe, Ben,Sheppard, Samuel K.,Patchanee, Prapas The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnol 2018 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.46 No.2

Non-typhoidal Salmonella is one of the main pathogens causing food-borne illness in humans, with up to 20% of cases resulting from consumption of pork products. Over the gastroenteritis signs, multidrug resistant Salmonella has arisen. In this study, pan-susceptible phenotypic strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden recovered from pig production chain in Chiang Mai, Thailand during 2012-2014 were chosen for analysis. The aim of this study was to use whole genome sequencing (WGS) data with an emphasis on antimicrobial resistance gene investigation to assess their pathogenic potential and genetic diversity determination based on whole genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (wgMLST) to expand epidemiological knowledge and to provide additional guidance for disease control. Analyis using ResFinder 3.0 for WGS database tracing found that one of pan-susceptible phenotypic strain carried five classes of resistance genes: aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, phenicol, sulfonamide, and tetracycline associated genes. Twenty four and 36 loci differences were detected by core genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (cgMLST) and pan genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (pgMLST), respectively, in two matching strains (44/13 vs A543057 and A543056 vs 204/13) initially assigned by conventional MLST and Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). One hundread percent discriminant ability can be achieved using the wgMLST technique. WGS is currently the ultimate molecular technique for various in-depth studies. As the findings stated above, a new of "gold standard typing method era" for routine works in genome study is being set.

Distribution, quantitative load and characterization of Salmonella associated with swine farms in upper-northern Thailand

Pakpoom Tadee,Kittipong Kumpapong,Danai Sinthuya,Panuwat Yamsakul,Nipa Chokesajjawatee,Supachai Nuanualsuwan,Suchawan Pornsukarom,Bayleyegn Z. Molla,Wondwossen A. Gebreyes,Prapas Patchanee 대한수의학회 2014 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.15 No.2

This study was conducted to analyze the prevalence andquantitative loads of Salmonella spp. on pig farms in ChiangMai, Lamphun, Thailand to assess loading levels beforeslaughtering. The serotype diversity, antimicrobial-resistancepattern and pulse-field type of Salmonella spp. were alsocharacterized to assess the dynamic propagation of thepathogen. The Salmonella-positive prevalence was 246/805(30.56%), and the quantitative loads varied from 1.48∼4.04Log10MPN/g, with a mean ± standard deviation of 2.11 ± 0.57. AMP/S/TE (ampicillin/streptomycin/tetracycline) was thehighest frequency antimicrobial resistance pattern found inthis study. In addition, Salmonella Rissen was the primaryserotype in this region. PFGE results indicated the occurrenceof infection by cross contamination among pig farms. Ourstudy showed that pork is easily contaminated with thispathogen. Farm control programs must be based on strictbiosecurity and hygienic measures, which could furtherreduce the contamination pressure at slaughterhouses orretail shops.

Essential oil pharmaceuticals for killing ectoparasites on dogs

Phacharaporn Tadee,Sunee Chansakaow,Pramote Tipduangta,Pakpoom Tadee,Pakasinee Khaodang,Kridda Chukiatsiri 대한수의학회 2024 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.25 No.1

Background: External parasites, particularly ticks and fleas, are among the most common problems affecting dogs. Chemical medicines are commonly used to prevent and eliminate such external parasites, but their improper use can cause adverse reactions, and the toxins they contain may remain in the environment. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro efficacy of Zanthoxylum limonella, citronella, clove, peppermint, and ginger essential oils against dog ticks and fleas and to test the sensitivity of dogs’ skin to these essential oils. Methods: The five essential oils were tested for in vitro efficacy against ticks and fleas, and the two most effective essential oils were then tested on the dogs’ skin. Results: The results revealed that these five essential oils at 16% concentrations effectively inhibited the spawning of female engorged ticks. In addition, all five essential oils had a strong ability to kill tick larvae at concentrations of 2% upward. Furthermore, 4% concentrations of the five essential oils quickly eliminated fleas, especially clove oil, which killed 100% of fleas within 1 h. A 50%, 90%, and 99% lethal concentration (LC50, LC90, and LC99) for the essential oils on tick larvae in 24 h were found to be low values. LC50, LC90, and LC99 for the essential oils on flea in 1 h was lowest values. Clove oil at 16% concentration was the most satisfactory essential oil for application on dogs’ skin, with a low percentage of adverse effects. Conclusions: This study confirmed the effectiveness of essential oils for practical use as tick and flea repellents and eliminators. Essential-oil-based pharmaceutical can replace chemical pesticides and provide benefits for both consumers and the environment.

Occurrence and characterization of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig industries of northern Thailand

Prapas Patchanee,Pakpoom Tadee,Orapun Arjkumpa,David Love,Karoon Chanachai,Thomas Alter,Soawapak Hinjoy,Prasit Tharavichitkul 대한수의학회 2014 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.15 No.4

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence oflivestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(LA-MRSA) in pigs, farm workers, and the environment innorthern Thailand, and to assess LA-MRSA isolatephenotypic characteristics. One hundred and four pig farmswere randomly selected from the 21,152 in Chiang Mai andLamphun provinces in 2012. Nasal and skin swab sampleswere collected from pigs and farm workers. Environmentalswabs (pig stable floor, faucet, and feeder) were also collected. MRSA was identified by conventional bacterial culturetechnique, with results confirmed by multiplex PCR and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Herd prevalence of MRSA was9.61% (10 of 104 farms). Among pigs, workers, and farmenvironments, prevalence was 0.68% (two of 292 samples),2.53% (seven of 276 samples), and 1.28% (four of 312 samples),respectively. Thirteen MRSA isolates (seven from workers,four from environmental samples, and two from pigs) wereidentified as Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec IVsequences type 9. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests found 100% ofthe MRSA isolates resistant to clindamycin, oxytetracycline, andtetracycline, while 100% were susceptible to cloxacillin andvancomycin. All possessed a multidrug- resistant phenotype. This is the first evidence of an LA-MRSA interrelationship among pigs, workers, and the farm environment in Thailand.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices toward antimicrobial usage: a cross-sectional study of layer and pig farm owners/managers in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Chonburi provinces, Thailand, May 2014 to February 2016

Nuangmek, Aniroot,Rojanasthien, Suvichai,Patchanee, Prapas,Yano, Terdsak,Yamsakul, Panuwat,Chotinun, Suwit,Tadee, Pakpoom The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 2018 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.58 No.1

This study aimed at determining the current knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of layer and pig farmers to antimicrobial usage and its consequences. Description of such KAP could provide insights useful for promoting the rational use of antimicrobials in livestock. From May 2014 to February 2016, a survey involving 251 respondents in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Chonburi provinces, Thailand, was conducted by using a validated questionnaire. More than half (51.0%) of the respondents incorrectly believed that antimicrobial drug efficacy could not be reduced by using sub-recommended dosages, 61.2% had misconceptions about non-therapeutic antimicrobial use, and 66.9% inaccurately felt that antimicrobials were also effective for virus and fungi. Over half (50.6-55.2%) did not see the need to follow instructions or advice of veterinarians. Moreover, only 10.4% regularly relied on responses to drugs sensitivity tests when evaluating the effectiveness of antimicrobials. Overall, assessment of KAP regarding antimicrobial usage indicated that the majority of respondents had low levels of knowledge of antimicrobials, neutral rather than positive attitudes, and employed poor practices in the use of antimicrobials. The results indicate improvements in KAP could be helpful in developing more effective interventions by farmers, reduce antibiotic usage, and slow the growth of antimicrobial resistance.