Sound of Rivers : Stone Drum

Charles Nichols(찰스 니콜스),Mark Lorang(마크 로랑) 한국전자음악협회 2014 에밀레 Vol.12 No.-

컴퓨터음악 작곡가이자 전자 바이올린 연주자 찰스 니콜스는 호소(湖沼)학자 마크 로랑의 연구를 예술적으로 해석하기 위해서, 비디오 아티스트 겸 애니메이터 앰버 부스넬, 안무가 니콜 브레들리 브로닝, 시인 마크 기본스, 무용가 알리슨 헤더, 나레이터 스티브 캄과 협업하였다. 컴퓨터 프로세싱의 오디오, 소리화된sonified 데이터정보, 전자 바이올린, 컴퓨터 프로세싱의 비디오, 애니메이션, 낭독 시, 그리고 춤을 위한 멀티미디어 작품을 만들어 실시간으로 연주하고, 이후 고정fixed 매체의 형태로 재작업하였다. 세 종류의 음악형태가 이 작품을 위해 만들어졌다. 첫째로 낭독하는 시에서 하천의 소리와 움직임을 의성어로 표현하였고, 시인이 이 시를 읊조리는 음성을 녹음한 후 이의 배음과 길이, 음높이를 변조하거나 그래뉼러화(매우 세세한 단위로 나누어 재조합)granularized하여 시의 반주가 되는 에코 효과의 배경음악으로 추가하였다. 둘째로 하천 주변 환경의 소리를 분광 분석한 결과를 대역 필터의 데이터 처리나 하천의 속이나 그 위에서 얻은 녹음 소리를 처리하는 데 활용하여 화음 효과를 만들어 냈으며, 활로 켜는 현의 물리적 모형의 합성 데이터정보로 하천의 속도와 깊이, 북쪽이나 동쪽에서 오는 바람의 속도를 활의 속도, 음고, 활의 압력과 위치에 활용하여 단순한 선율을 생성하였다. 셋째, 시에서 언급되는 음악가의 정통 재즈나 대중음악 선율에서 따온 리듬 동기와 선율 조각들로 만들어진 악구를 페이저, 딜레이, 리버브 효과가 가미된 라이브 전자 현악기가 연주한다. With the intention of translating the research of limnologist Mark Lorang into art, computer music composer and electric violinist Charles Nichols collaborated with video artist and animator Amber Bushnell, choreographer Nicole Bradley Browning, poet Mark Gibbons, dancer Allison Herther, and narrator Stephen Kalm, on a multimedia piece for computer-processed audio, sonified data, electric violin, computer-processed video, animation, narrated poetry, and dance, performed live and later reworked into a piece for fixed media. Three kinds of music were composed for the piece. First, to illuminate the onomatopoeia of river sounds and movements in the narrated poetry, source recordings of the poet reciting his text were stripped of their harmonic partials, stretched in time, shifted in pitch, and granularized, creating an echoing chorus of text-painting accompaniment. Second, data from spectral analyses of environmental sound at the field station were mapped to bandpass filterbanks, processing audio recordings taken in and above the river, producing a harmonic wash, and data of river velocity and depth, and wind velocity from the North and East were mapped to bow speed, pitch, bow pressure and position synthesis parameters, of a bowed string physical model, producing simple melodies. Third, a live electric violin, processed with phasers, delays, and reverb, played phrases based on rhythmic motives and melodic fragments from Jazz standards and Pop tunes of artists mentioned in the poem.

Generalized growth curve models for longitudinal data in application to a randomized controlled trial

Nichole Andrews,Hyunkeun Ryan Cho 한국통계학회 2019 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.48 No.1

Growth curve analysis is beneficial in longitudinal studies, where the pattern of response variables measured repeatedly over time is of interest, yet unknown. In this article, we propose generalized growth curve models under a polynomial regression framework and offer a complete process that identifies the parsimonious growth curves for different groups of interest, as well as compares the curves. A higher order of a polynomial degree generally provides more flexible regression, yet it may suffer from the complicated and overfitted model in practice. Therefore, we employ the model selection procedure that chooses the optimal degree of a polynomial consistently. Consideration of a quadratic inference function (Qu et al., 2000) for estimation on regression parameters is addressed and estimation efficiency is improved by incorporating the within-subject correlation commonly existing in longitudinal data. In biomedical studies, it is of particular interest to compare multiple treatments and provide an effective one. We further conduct the hypothesis test that assesses the equality of the growth curves through an asymptotic chisquare test statistic. The proposed methodology is employed on a randomized controlled longitudinal dataset on depression. The effectiveness of our procedure is also confirmed with simulation studies.

Analysis of Inter-Domain Collaborative Routing: Provider Competition for Clients

Nicholes, Martin O,Chuah, Chen-Nee,Wu, Shyhtsun Felix,Mukherjee, Biswanath The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2011 Journal of communications and networks Vol.13 No.5

Any server offering a routing service in the Internet would naturally be in competition for clients, and clients may need to utilize service from a specific server in order to achieve a desired result. We study the various properties of this competition, such as the fraction of route requests handled by a routing service provider and the fraction of total revenue obtained. As the routing service providers (i.e., servers or routers in this context) compete, they may alter behavior in order to optimize one of the above properties. For example, a service provider may lower the price charged for its service, in order to increase the number of clients served. Our models are based on servers offering a routing service to clients within representative network topologies based on actual Internet sub-graphs. These models provide, a framework for evaluating competition in the Internet. We monitor key aspects of the service, as several variables are introduced into the models. The first variable is the fraction of client requests that will pay more for a better quality route. The remaining requests are normal client requests that are satisfied by the most economical route. The second variable is the fraction of servers who choose to lower service prices in order to maximize the number of client requests served. As this fraction increases, it is more likely that a server will lower the price. Finally, there are some resource constraints applied to the model, to increase the difficulty in providing a routing solution, i.e., to simulate a realistic scenario. We seek to understand the effect on the overall network, as service providers compete. In simple cases, we show that this competition could have a negative impact on the overall efficiency of a service. We show that the routing variety present in the larger models is unable to mask this tendency and the routing service performance is decreased due to competition.

Government Policy Toward Open Source Software

Nichols, Albert L. 한국지적재산권학회(구 지적소유권학회) 2003 知的所有權法硏究 Vol.7 No.-

OSS is becoming more widely used Primarily for certain types of servers. There is no "market failure" in proprietary software highly competitive and innovative falling quality-adjusted prices. Best choice depends on specific needs, specific software available. No reason to impose a uniform choice or presumption as to which is superior. Future is sure to involve a mix of proprietary and open-source software. Policies should allow flexibility, innovation in all types of software.

인공두뇌 시스템 시대의 문화 작용

Nichols, Bill 한국예술종합학교 영상원 영상이론과 2002 영상이론 Vol.- No.1

컴퓨터는 객체 이상이다: 또한 컴퓨터는 자아와 환경에 대한 사고의 새로운 방식을 제안하고, 인간다움과 인간적인 세계에서 산다는 것의 의미를 구축하는 새로운 방식을 제안하는 도상이자 은유이다. 인공두뇌 시스템은 계산 능력이 있는 기계와 장치들의 전체 배열을 포함한다. 그런 시스템은 한계가 있을지라도 역동적인 지능지수를 가진다.

Photodermatoses

Nicholls, David Medical Publications Korea 1994 Medical Progress Vol.16 No.5

Drugs in Heart Failure

Nicholls, M. Gary Medical Publications Korea 1994 Medical Progress Vol.16 No.12

Bloodstream Infections and Frequency of Pretreatment Associated With Age and Hospitalization Status in Sub-Saharan Africa

Nichols, Chelsea,Cruz Espinoza, Ligia Maria,von Kalckreuth, Vera,Aaby, Peter,Ahmed El Tayeb, Muna,Ali, Mohammad,Aseffa, Abraham,Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten,Breiman, Robert F.,Cosmas, Leonard,Crump, J Oxford University Press 2015 Clinical infectious diseases Vol.61 No.suppl4

<P><B><I>Background.</I></B> The clinical diagnosis of bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) in sub-Saharan Africa is routinely confused with malaria due to overlapping symptoms. The Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) recruited febrile inpatients and outpatients of all ages using identical study procedures and enrollment criteria, thus providing an opportunity to assess disease etiology and pretreatment patterns among children and adults.</P><P><B><I>Methods.</I></B> Inpatients and outpatients of all ages with tympanic or axillary temperatures of ≥38.0 or ≥37.5°C, respectively, and inpatients only reporting fever within the previous 72 hours were eligible for recruitment. All recruited patients had one blood sample drawn and cultured for microorganisms. Data from 11 TSAP surveillance sites in nine different countries were used in the analysis. Bivariate analysis was used to compare frequencies of pretreatment and BSIs in febrile children (<15 years old) and adults (≥15 years old) in each country. Pooled Cochran Mantel–Haenszel odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for overall trends.</P><P><B><I>Results.</I></B> There was no significant difference in the odds of a culture-proven BSI between children and adults among inpatients or outpatients. Among both inpatients and outpatients, children had significantly higher odds of having a contaminated blood culture compared with adults. Using country-pooled data, child outpatients had 66% higher odds of having <I>Salmonella</I> Typhi in their bloodstream than adults (OR, 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–2.73). Overall, inpatient children had 59% higher odds of pretreatment with analgesics in comparison to inpatient adults (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.28–1.97).</P><P><B><I>Conclusions.</I></B> The proportion of patients with culture-proven BSIs in children compared with adults was similar across the TSAP study population; however, outpatient children were more likely to have <I>Salmonella</I> Typhi infections than outpatient adults. This finding points to the importance of including outpatient facilities in surveillance efforts, particularly for the surveillance of typhoid fever. Strategies to reduce contamination among pediatric blood cultures are needed across the continent to prevent the misdiagnosis of BSI cases in children.</P>

Commentary from Southeast Asia : Heart Failure A Step-by-Step Guide

Nicholls, M. Gary Medical Publications Korea 1991 Medical Progress Vol.13 No.1

Making Culture Into Magic: How Can It Bring Tourists and Residents?

Terry Nichols Clark 한국행정학회 2007 International Review of Public Administration Vol.12 No.1

I Globalization encourages a New Political Culture (NPC), stressing individualism and egalitarianism, and new modes of governance and public adminstrationII. Consumption and amenities rise in salience to individual citizens and political leaders--with more income, education, and the NPC. Culture and tourism are key parts of this transformation. III. What makes culture magical? Scenes. Culture comes packaged with more: buildings, restaurants, and an audience; a performance can resonate only if it connects to values and concerns of the audience. We sketch 12 types of scenes like Disney Heaven and Bohemia, then 15 dimensions for interpreting like traditionalism, egalitarianism, etc. IV. How to make culture magical? By constructing integrated components of culture and tourism. How? Collect data on many dimensions of consumption (restaurants, types of nearby shops, crime rates, and more). Codify these into types like Disney Heaven or Bohemia. Then calibrate attractive powers of each type of scene and dimension for different types of tourists or residents. To implement this program, we have developed a large data base of 40,000 US zip codes and are working with others internationally along parallel lines (in France, Italy, Britain, Germany, Japan, and Korea). This policy-linked analysis tool is more powerful than most past tourism and culture studies. I Globalization encourages a New Political Culture (NPC), stressing individualism and egalitarianism, and new modes of governance and public adminstration II. Consumption and amenities rise in salience to individual citizens and political leaders--with more income, education, and the NPC. Culture and tourism are key parts of this transformation. III. What makes culture magical? Scenes. Culture comes packaged with more: buildings, restaurants, and an audience; a performance can resonate only if it connects to values and concerns of the audience. We sketch 12 types of scenes like Disney Heaven and Bohemia, then 15 dimensions for interpreting like traditionalism, egalitarianism, etc. IV. How to make culture magical? By constructing integrated components of culture and tourism. How? Collect data on many dimensions of consumption (restaurants, types of nearby shops, crime rates, and more). Codify these into types like Disney Heaven or Bohemia. Then calibrate attractive powers of each type of scene and dimension for different types of tourists or residents. To implement this program, we have developed a large data base of 40,000 US zip codes and are working with others internationally along parallel lines (in France, Italy, Britain, Germany, Japan, and Korea). This policy-linked analysis tool is more powerful than most past tourism and culture studies.