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Language Education Policies on Taiwan: A Case of Comparative Colonialism and Discourse Power
Nathaniel T. Murray(Nathaniel T. Murray ) 전남대학교 교육문제연구소 2023 New Horizons of Educational Research Vol.3 No.1
This article uses theoretical perspectives on colonialism and language planning to compare the language and education policies of two successive regimes on Taiwan: the Japanese colonial administration from 1895-1945, and the Republic of China from 1945 through the Cold War. The case of Taiwan reveals how blurry the distinction between oppression and liberation can become, and how this ambiguity can remain consistent across different regimes and geopolitical circumstances on the same population. This discussion includes some personal anecdotes from the author’s time in Taiwan, exploring how discourse is used to assert power by groups with competing cultural ideologies.
Murray, Nigel P,Reyes, Eduardo,Fuentealba, Cynthia,Jacob, Omar Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.7
Background: Sequential use of circulating prostate cell (CPC) detection has been reported to potentially decrease the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies in men suspected of prostate cancer. In order to determine the real world effectiveness of the test, we present a prospective study of men referred to two hospitals from primary care physicians, one using CPC detection to determine the necessity of prostate biopsy the other not doing so. Materials and Methods: Men with a suspicion of prostate cancer because of elevated PSA >4.0ng/ml or abnormal DRE were referred to Hospitals A or B. In Hospital A all underwent 12 core TRUS biopsy, in Hospital B only men CPC (+), with mononuclear cells obtained by differential gel centrifugation identified using double immunomarking with anti-PSA and anti-P504S, were recommended to undergo TRUS biopsy. Biopsies were classifed as cancer or no-cancer. Diagnostic yields were calculated, including the number of posible biopsies that could be avoided and the number of clinically significant cancers that would be missed. Results: Totals of 649 men attended Hospital A, and 552 men attended Hospital B; there were no significant differences in age or serum PSA levels. In Hospital A, 228 (35.1%) men had prostate cancer detected, CPC detection had a sensitivity of 80.7%, a specificity of 88.6%, and a negative predictive value of 89.5%. Some 39/44 men CPC negative with a positive biopsy had low grade small volume tumors. In Hospital B, 316 (57.2%) underwent biopsy. There were no significant differences between populations in terms of CPC and biopsy results. The reduction in the number of biopsies was 40%. Conclusions: The use of sequential CPC testing in the real world gives a clear decision structure for patient management and can reduce the number of biopsies considerably.
Murray Molly E.,Goncalves Beatriz G.,Biggs Mary A.,Frantzeskos Sophia A.,Lebedenko Charlotta G.,Banerjee Ipsita A. 한국응용생명화학회 2024 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.67 No.-
The Nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor is considered a member of the opioid receptor subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) which has been shown to be present in many parts of the central nervous system (CNS). It plays biologically diverse roles in pain modulation, immune response and in neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, phytochemical conjugates of two known neuropeptides, melanocyte inhibition factor (MiF-1) and mammalian amidated neuropeptide NPFF with pain modulating ability were developed. The binding interactions of those conjugates with NOP receptor was examined as an approach to develop novel natural compounds that can modulate NOP receptor activity. The selected phytochemicals are well-known for their antioxidant abilities and are derived either from natural alkaloids (betanin), polyphenols (gallic acid and sinapic acid) or terpenes (pomolic acid). Each of the phytochemicals selected are antioxidants which may play a role in mitigating diseases. Three conjugates of betanin were designed with each peptide by conjugating each of the three carboxylic acid groups of betanin with the peptides, while all others were mono-conjugates. Our results indicated that the betanin conjugates with both peptides showed strong binding interactions while the pomolate-peptide conjugates showed moderate binding. In general, NPFF and its conjugates showed stronger binding with the receptor. Docking and molecular dynamics studies revealed that binding interactions occurred at the binding pocket encompassing the transmembrane helices TM1, TM3 and TM7 in most cases, with the ligands binding deep within the hydrophobic core. The binding interactions were further confirmed experimentally through SPR analysis, which also showed higher binding with the betanin conjugates. MMGBSA studies indicated that the binding energies of MiF-1 conjugates were higher compared to neat MiF-1. However, in the case of NPFF, while the betanin conjugates showed enhancement, in some cases the binding energies were found to be slightly reduced compared to neat NPFF. Overall our studies reveal that such natural phytochemical derivatives that can bind to the NOP receptor when conjugated to the mammalian amidated neuropeptide NPFF and the short sequence of melanocyte inhibiting factor MiF-1 may be potentially developed for further laboratory studies for potential pharmaceutical applications.
Murray, Nigel P,Reyes, Eduardo,Orellana, Nelson,Fuentealba, Cynthia,Jacob, Omar Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.16
Purpose: To determine the utility of secondary circulating prostate cells for predicting early biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer and compare the results with the Walz nomagram. Materials and Methods: A single centre, prospective study of men with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy between 2004 and 2014 was conducted, with registration of clinical-pathological details, total serum PSA pre-surgery, Gleason score, extracapsular extension, positive surgical margins, infiltration of lymph nodes, seminal vesicles and pathological stage. Secondary circulating prostate cells were obtained using differential gel centrifugation and assessed using standard immunocytochemistry with anti-PSA. Biochemical failure was defined as a PSA >0.2ng/ml, predictive values werecalculated using the Walz nomagram and CPC detection. Results: A total of 326 men participated, with a median follow up of 5 years; 64 had biochemical failure within two years. Extracapsular extension, positive surgical margins, pathological stage, Gleason score ${\geq}8$, infiltration of seminal vesicles and lymph nodes were all associated with higher risk of biochemical failure. The discriminative value for the nomogram and circulating prostate cells was high (AUC >0.80), predictive values were higher for circulating prostate cell detection, with a negative predictive value of 99%, sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 75%. Conclusions: The nomagram had good predictive power to identify men with a high risk of biochemical failure within two years. The presence of circulating prostate cells had the same predictive power, with a higher sensitivity and negative predictive value. The presence of secondary circulating prostate cells identifies a group of men with a high risk of early biochemical failure. Those negative for secondary CPCs have a very low risk of early biochemical failure.
PHONOLOGICAL STRENGTH AND PREFERRED SYLLABLE STRUCTURE
Murray, Robert W. 서울대학교 어학연구소 1985 語學硏究 Vol.21 No.4
Recent approaches in the area of syllable structure and markedness suffer from a number of inadequacies. In particular, inadequate consideration is given to the role that markedness theory can play in accounting for language specific characteristics of syllable structure. By contrase, a new approach based on the gradient nature of linguistic preferences, provides insight into both synchronic aspects of language specific syllabication and diachronic aspects of syllable structure change.