HBV : No Detectable Tenofovir Resistance with Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) or Emtricitabine+TDF (FTC/TDF) through 96 Weeks in Lamivudine Resistance CHB Patients

( Edward Gane ),( Amoreena C Corsa ),( Yang Liu ),( Ben C Mitchell2 ),( John F Flaherty ),( Michael D Miller ),( Kathryn M Kitrinos ),( Scott Fung ) 대한간학회 2013 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2013 No.1

Background/Aim: To evaluate amino acid changes within HBV pol/RT after 96 weeks of treatment with TDF or FTC/ TDF and determine their potential association with TDF resistance. Methods: In Study GS-US-174-0121, 280 patients receiving lamivudine (LAM) with detectable LAM-resistance mutations in HBV pol/RT (LAM-R: rtM204V/I±rtL180M) were randomized 1:1 to receive blinded treatment with TDF or FTC/TDF for 96 weeks. Virologic breakthrough (VB) was defined as confirmed HBV DNA >1 log10 increase from nadir or HBV DNA ≥400 copies/mL (69 IU/mL) after <400 copies/mL. Resistance genotyping by HBV pol/RT sequencing was attempted for all patients at baseline and if viremic (HBV DNA ≥400 copies/ mL) at Week 96/study discontinuation. Results: Overall, 18 patients (9 TDF, 9 FTC/TDF) were viremic viremic at Week 96/last visit. The mean baseline HBV DNA was significantly higher for viremic patients (8.04 log10 copies/mL) compared to patients who did not qualify for genotyping (6.39 log10 copies/mL). In the TDF arm, 3 patients had conserved site changes/reversions (1 with VB), 1 had unique polymorphic site changes, 2 had no change, and 3 were unable to be genotyped. In the FTC/TDF arm, 2 patients had conserved site changes/reversions, 1 had unique polymorphic site changes, 4 had no change, and 2 were unable to be genotyped. No phenotypic resistance to TDF was observed. Four of eight (50%) patients had LAM-R reversions (rtV/I204M±rtM180L) on TDF while 1/8 (12.5%) patients on FTC/TDF had LAM-R reversions. Thirteen patients (4.6%) with prior entecavir (ETV) exposure and 25 patients (8.9%) with baseline ETV-R were enrolled; neither had an impact on viral kinetics. Conclusions: No TDF resistance has been detected through 96 weeks of treatment with either TDF or FTC/TDF in LAM-R patients. The presence of ETV-R or ETV exposure did not impact viral kinetics through 96 weeks. Resistance surveillance in this population will continue through Year 5.

Special Education Assessment in the United States : Issues in law and Policy

Mitchell L. Yell 국립특수교육원 2009 특수교육대상학생의 학업성취도 평가에 관한 국제적 동향 Vol. No.

학생의 사정은 최소 3개의 이유에서 특수교육에서 가장 중요한 단계일 수 있다. 첫째, 학생의 부모를 포함하여 사정에 대해 지식을 가지고 있는 인원으로 이루어진 팀이 한 학생에 대해 특수교육에 대한 적격성을 가지고 있다고 결정하지 않는다면, 그 학생은 특수교육 프로그램에 배치될 수 없다. 둘째, 특수교육 프로그램의 모든 측면(학업성취와 기능적 수행능력에 대한 현재 수준, 목표, 특수교육 서비스 등)은 학생의 사정 자료에 기초한다. 만약 사정 자료가 완벽하지 않거나 혹은 부정확하다면, IEP의 나머지 역시 쓸모없게 된다. 세 번째로 IDEIA는 학생이 학습하고 있는지를 결정하기 위하여 특수교육 프로그램 내에서 학생의 진전도를 지속적으로 사정하도록 요구하고 있다. 사정은 단순히 적격성을 결정하기 위해 의례적으로 따라야 하는 것이 아니다; 이보다는 의미있고 측정가능하도록 의도된 특수교육 프로그램을 개발하기 위함이다. IEP의 일차적인 목적은 (a) 학생의 독특한 교육적 요구에 기초한 개별화된 특수교육 프로그램을 개발하고, (b) 프로그램을 실시하고, (c) 그 프로그램이 제대로 작동하는지 혹은 그렇지 않다면 수정해야 하는지 알아보기 위함이다. 사실 무상의 적절한 공교육을 평가하는데 가장 중대한 결정 요인은 학생의 진전도이다. 따라서 사정절차는 각 학생의 FAPE를 위한 기초가 된다. 특수교육 관련자가 IDEA에 따른 그들의 사정 관련 의무를 이해하고, 최선을 다해 이러한 책임을 순행하려고 노력하는 것은 매우 중요하다. The assessment of a student is perhaps the most crucial step in the special education process for at least three reasons. First, a student cannot be placed in a special, education program unless a team of knowledgeable persons, including a student‘s parents, determine that he or she meets the eligibility criteria. Second, every aspect of a student’s special education program (e.g., present levels of academic achievement and functional performance, goals, special education services) is based on his or her assessment data. If the assessment data are not complete or are inappropriate, the rest of the IEP will be flawed. Third, the IDEIA requires continuous assessment of a student‘s progress in his or her special education program to determine if the student is learning. The assessment process is not just about following procedures to determine eligibility; rather it is about developing special education programs that lead to meaningful and measurable educational progress. The primary purpose of the IEP process is to (a) develop an individualized special education program based on a student‘s unique educational needs, (b) implement the program, and (c) see if it works and change it if it is not working. Indeed, it is a student’s progress that is the critical determinant of a free appropriate public education. The assessment process, therefore, is the basis of each student‘s FAPE. It is crucial that special education personnel understand their assessment duties under the IDEA and discharge these responsibilities to the best of their abilities.

DO SECTOR RETURNS LEAD THE STOCK MARKET? THE INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE

Mitchell Ratner,Ilhan Meric,Gulser Meric People&Global Business Association 2006 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.11 No.2

This paper investigates the lead/lag relationship between the returns of a country's stock market index and 10 primary sector index returns. The sample consists of the Group of Seven (G-7) industrialized countries from January 1974 through December 2003. This study documents a statistically significant lead/lag relationship between sector returns and the stock market index returns in all seven countries. No sector is consistently significant across countries. The results of this study support the gradual information diffusion hypothesis: information travels slowly between asset classes.

CORIUM COOLABILITY UNDER EX-VESSEL ACCIDENT CONDITIONS FOR LWRs

MITCHELL T. FARMER,DENNIS J. KILSDONK,ROBERT W. AESCHLIMANN 한국원자력학회 2009 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.41 No.5

In the wake of the Three Mile Island accident, vigorous research efforts were initiated to acquire a basic knowledge of the progression and consequences of accidents that involve a substantial degree of core degradation and melting. The primary emphasis of this research was placed on containment integrity, with: i) hydrogen combustion-detonation, ii) steam explosion, iii) direct containment heating (DCH), and iv) melt attack on the BWR Mark-I containment shell identified as energetic processes that could lead to early containment failure (i.e., within the first 24 hours of the accident). Should the core melt fail the reactor vessel, then non-condensable gas production from Molten Core-Concrete Interaction (MCCI) was identified as a mechanism that could fail the containment by pressurization over the long term. One signification question that arose as part of this investigation was the effectiveness of water in terminating an MCCI by flooding the interacting masses from above, thereby quenching the molten core debris and rendering it permanently coolable. Successful quenching of the core melt would prevent basemat melt through, as well as continued containment pressurization by non-condensable gas production, and so the accident progression would be successfully terminated without release of radioactivity to the environment. Based on these potential merits, ex-vessel corium coolability has been the focus of extensive research over the last 20 years as a potential accident management strategy for current plants. In addition, outcomes from this research have impacted the accident management strategies for the Gen III+ LWR plant designs that are currently being deployed around the world. This paper provides: i) an historical overview of corium coolability research, ii) summarizes the current status of research in this area, and iii) highlights trends in severe accident management strategies that have evolved based on the findings from this work.

THE THEORY OF SEMIFIELDS

Mitchell, Sidney S.,Sinutoke, Porntip Department of Mathematics 1982 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.22 No.2

Gas flows in the circumgalactic medium around simulated high-redshift galaxies

Mitchell, Peter D,Blaizot, Jé,ré,my,Devriendt, Julien,Kimm, Taysun,Michel-Dansac, Lé,o,Rosdahl, Joakim,Slyz, Adrianne Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2018 MONTHLY NOTICES- ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY Vol.474 No.4

Dose dependence of DNA repair in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae exposed to UV-B radiation

Mitchell, David L.,Adams-Deutsch, Tristan,Olson, Mark H. Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.1

We examined survival and DNA damage in rainbow trout larvae (Oncorhynchus mykiss) resulting from a range of sublethal to lethal ultraviolet-B exposures in the presence and absence of photoreactivating radiation. We found that after low, sublethal UV-B exposures trout larvae are quite proficient at photoenzymatic repair but that this capacity decreases exponentially with the total incident UV-B dose. The relationship between the dose dependence of PER and trout development and vulnerability in fisheries and in the natural environment are discussed.

Strain analysis of protein structures and low dimensionality of mechanical allosteric couplings

Mitchell, Michael R.,Tlusty, Tsvi,Leibler, Stanislas National Academy of Sciences 2016 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.113 No.40

<P>In many proteins, especially allosteric proteins that communicate regulatory states from allosteric to active sites, structural deformations are functionally important. To understand these deformations, dynamical experiments are ideal but challenging. Using static structural information, although more limited than dynamical analysis, is much more accessible. Underused for protein analysis, strain is the natural quantity for studying local deformations. We calculate strain tensor fields for proteins deformed by ligands or thermal fluctuations using crystal and NMR structure ensembles. Strains-primarily shears-show deformations around binding sites. These deformations can be induced solely by ligand binding at distant allosteric sites. Shears reveal quasi-2D paths of mechanical coupling between allosteric and active sites that may constitute a widespread mechanism of allostery. We argue that strain-particularly shear-is the most appropriate quantity for analysis of local protein deformations. This analysis can reveal mechanical and biological properties of many proteins.</P>

Contemporary Matters : The Australian Experience

Mitchell, Adrian 중앙대학교 호주학연구소 2001 Journal of Australian studies Vol.8 No.1

Are the Distribution of Einstein Crossing Times of Galactic Microlensing Events Bimodal?

Mitchell F. Struble,Thulsi Wickramasinghe 한국우주과학회 2012 Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences Vol.29 No.2

The observed distribution of a blending-corrected sample of Einstein ring crossing times, tE, for microlensing events toward the galactic bulge/bar are analyzed. An inspection of the distribution of crossing times suggests that it may be bimodal, indicating that two populations of lenses could be responsible for observed microlensing events. Given the possibility that microlensing in this direction can be due to the two most common classes of stars, main-sequence and white dwarf, we analyze and show via Monte Carlo simulations that the observed bimodality of tE can be derived from their accepted mass functions, and the density distributions of both stellar populations in the galactic disk and bulge/bar, with a transverse velocity distribution that is consistent with the density distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) one sample tests shows that a white dwarf population of about 25% of all stars in the galaxy agrees well with the observed bimodality with a KS significance level greater than 97%. This is an expanded and updated version of a previous investigation (Wickramasinghe, Neusima, & Struble, in Mao 2008). A power-point version of the talk, with introductory figures, is found at: https://sites.google.com/site/rhkochconference/agenda-1/program.