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Horie, Takeo,Nakagawa, Masashi,Orii, Hidefumi,Tsuda, Motoyuki Korean Society of Photoscience 2002 Journal of Photosciences Vol.9 No.2
The anterior brain vesicle of ascidian larvae contains two distinct pigment cells. Ultrastructure of these pigment cells has been shown that the anterior pigment cell is an otolith for perception of gravity and the posterior pigment cell is an ocellus for light reception. The larva has remarkably simple central nervous system (CNS) composed of about 330 cells. We focused to study neural networks of visual systems. In the present paper, we report the whole structure of the photoreceptors of the ascidian larva visualized by an antibody against arrestin. Visual arrestin is the key protein for the termination of phototransduction and one of the abundant proteins in photoreceptors. Recently, we cloned an arrestin homologue gene, Ci-arr and the expression of Ci-arr was found to be restricted to the photoreceptors in the ocellus. To study the whole structure of the photoreceptors in the larva, we prepared an antibody against Ci-Arr. It is found that anti Ci-Arr antibody specifically stains the photoreceptors, including the cell bodies, the axons, and the nerve terminals. The photoreceptor cell bodies lies in row outside the pigment cup which penetrate the pigment cell and is continuous with the outer segments of the photoreceptor cell, inside the concavity of the pigments. The axons form bundle into a single tract. The tract extends toward the midline, where the nerve terminals diverge and seem to form synapses
Improvement of Reality on Input Device for Virtual Walk System
Toshiyuki Hori,Tatsuya Furukawa,Hisao Fukumoto,Masashi Ohchi,Yoshiyuki Nakashima 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8
In these days, elderly population is increasing in Japan. Demands on rehabilitation works might be larger as the old increase. In the authors’ laboratory, the Virtual Walk System has been designed and implemented. The system is intended to aid rehabilitation works with the Virtual Reality technology. Using commercially?supplied products, the proposed system is easy to be introduced to home with low costs and without occupying large space compared to the other rehabilitation systems introduced in the hospital. The present system supports a bicycle and a stepper, which enable cycling and walking exercises and moving in the virtual space.However, the conventional bicycle system didn’t support an operation to move right and left in the virtual space with its handlebar. Instead of operating it directly, users should operate a couple of switches mounted on the handlebar to move right and left. This has caused the unreality of using bicycle. In this study, the authors have improved a bicycle to enable an operation with a handlebar to move right and left in virtual space.
Phototransduction and Visual Cycle in the Ascidian Tadpole Larva
Kusakabe, Takehiro,Nakashima, Yuki,Kusakabe, Rie,Horie, Takeo,Kawakami, Isao,Yoshida, Reiko,Inada, Kyoko,Nakagawa, Masashi,Tsuda, Motoyuki Korean Society of Photoscience 2002 Journal of Photosciences Vol.9 No.2
Ascidians are lower chordates, and their tadpole-like larvae share a basic body plan with vertebrates. To study photoreceptive systems in ascidians, we have isolated and characterized cDNA clones for three opsins, five G protein ${\alpha}$ subunits (G${\alpha}$), catalytic and regulatory subunits of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE), and arrestin from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis tadpole larva. Ci-opsin1 and Ci-opsin2 are vertebrate-type opsins, while Ci-opsin3 is a retinal photoisomerase similar to retinochrome and mammalian RGR. Both Ci-opsin1 and arrestin are specifically localized in the photoreceptor cells of the ocellus, whereas Ci -opsin2 is not expressed in the photoreceptors, but is co-localized in another population of neurons in the brain with PDE (Ci-PDE9 and Ci-PDE$\delta$). Ci-opsin3 is present in the entire region of the brain. Though five different cDNAs encoding Ga have been cloned, no transducin-type G protein has been found yet. Interestingly, one of G${\alpha}$i isoform is conspicuously expressed in the entire region of the brain. The Ci-opsin3 gene expression was observed in a broad area of the brain vesicle as well as in the visceral ganglion. Genes encoding ascidian homologs of CRALBP and ${\beta}$-CD, whose function is required for the mammalian visual cycle, are co-expressed with Ci-opsin3 in the brain vesicle and visceral ganglion. Localization of Ci-opsin3, CRALBP, and ${\beta}$-CD in a broad area of the brain suggests that the brain of the ascidian larva has a visual cycle system similar to that of the vertebrate RPE. Based on these data, we discuss the evolution of vertebrate visual systems.