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Women versus Men : Comparisons of Three Types of Transfers in Korea and the U.S.
Martha N. OZAWA,JOO, Myungkook,BAEK, Sun-Hee Ewha Womans University Press 2010 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.16 No.1
This article reports on a study of the extent to which the gap between women and men’s income levels narrow down in Korea and the United States when social insurance benefits, non-social insurance public transfers, and private transfers are distributed in incremental ways. The major findings were that transfer activities are still in their infancy in Korea compared with the United States; gender-based gaps do not narrow down in Korea to the same extent as they do in the United States; and in Korea women have to go further to catch up with men with respect to the factors related in attachment to labor force than do women in the United States. The data is drawn from the Korean Labor & Income Panel Study and the Current Population Survey of the United States.
Martha B . Bronson 한국유아교육학회 1996 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Vol.1 No.1
This study shows the usefulness of a classroom observation measure of social and mastery behaviors in a small longitudinal study. A collaborative day care and public school intervention program for children in public housing was evaluated with the Bronson Social and Task Skill Profile. The intervention group and comparison children from the same classrooms, were observed four times over a two year period in their prekindergarten and kindergarten years. Comparison children came from the same neighborhood, but were economically more advantaged had few minority group members. The results demonstrate a progressive $quot;catch-up$quot; effect in most observed behavior categories for the intervention group in relation to the comparison sample. Very poor performance in a few children, eligible for the intervention but not served, underlines the effectiveness of the intervention. Observational assessment of both social and mastery variables provided valuable information on areas of skill and weakness in the samples.
Martha S. Calderon,안광국 한국생태학회 2016 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.40 No.2
Background: Previous studies on the biological integrity on habitat and landuse patterns demonstrated ecological stream health in the view of regional or macrohabitat scale, thus ignored the mesoscale habitat patterns of pool, riffle, and runs in the stream health analysis. The objective of this study was to analyze influences on the mesohabitat structures of pool, riffle, and run reaches on the fish guilds and biological integrity in Geum-River Watershed. Results: The mesohabitat structures of pool, riffle, and run reaches influenced the ecological stream health along with some close relations on the fish trophic and tolerance guilds. The mesoscale components altered chemical water quality such as nutrients (TN, TP) and BOD and these, then, determined the primary productions, based on the sestonic chlorophyll-a. The riffle-reach had good chemical conditions, but the pool-reach had nutrient enrichments. The riffle-reach had a predominance of insectivores, while the pool-reach has a predominance of omnivores. Also, the riffle-reach had high proportions of sensitive fish and insectivore fish, and the pool-reach had high proportions of tolerant species in the community composition. The intermediate fish species in tolerance and omnivorous fish species in the food linkage dominated the community in the watershed, and the sensitive and insectivorous fishes decreased rapidly with a degradation of the water quality. All the habitat patterns were largely determined by the land-use patterns in the watershed. Conclusions: Trophic guilds and tolerance guilds of fish were determined by land-use pattern and these determined the stream health, based on the Index of Biological Integrity. This study remarks the necessity to include additional variables to consider information provided by mesohabitats and land-use distributions within the selected stream stretch. Overall, our data suggest that land-use pattern and mesohabitat distribution are important factors to be considered for the trophic and tolerance fish compositions and chemical gradients as well as ecological stream health in the watershed.
Martha S. Calderon,안광국 한국생태학회 2016 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.39 No.1
The object of this study was to determine long-term temporal and spatial patterns of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), suspended solids, and chlorophyll (Chl) in Chungju Reservoir, based on the dataset of 1992 – 2013, and then to develop the empirical models of nutrient-Chl for predicting the eutrophication of the reservoir. Concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were largely affected by an intensity of Asian monsoon and the longitudinal structure of riverine (Rz), transition (Tz), and lacustrine zone (Lz). This system was nitrogen-rich system and phosphorus contents in the water were relatively low, implying a P-limiting system. Regression analysis for empirical model, however, showed that Chl had a weak linear relation with TP or TN, and this was mainly associated with turbid, and nutrient-rich inflows in the system. The weak relation was associated with non-algal light attenuation coefficients (Kna), which is inversely related water residence time. Thus, values of Chl had negative functional relation (R2 = 0.25, p < 0.001) with nonalgal light attenuation. Thus, the low chlorophyll at a given TP indicated a light-limiting for phytoplankton growth and total suspended solids (TSS) was highly correlated (R2 = 0.94, p < 0.001) with non-algal light attenuation. The relations of Trophic State Index (TSI) indicated that phosphorus limitation was weak [TSI (Chl) – TSI (TP) < 0; TSI (SD) – TSI (Chl) > 0] and the effects of zooplankton grazing were also minor [TSI (Chl) – TSI (TP) > 0; TSI (SD) – TSI (Chl) > 0].
Martha Beatriz Morales-Amparano,Gabriela Ramos-Clamont Montfort,Itzamna´ Baqueiro-Pen˜a,Marı´a del Refugio Robles-Burguen˜o,Luz Va´zquez-Moreno,Jose´ A ´ ngel Huerta-Ocampo 한국식품과학회 2019 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.28 No.3
Probiotics are live microorganisms conferringhealth benefits when administered in adequate amounts. However, the passage through the gastrointestinal tractrepresents a challenge due to pH variations, proteases, andbile salts. This study aimed to evaluate the proteomicresponse of Saccharomyces boulardii to simulated gastrointestinaldigestion and the influence of encapsulation onyeast viability. Different pH values and time periods simulatingthe passage through different sections of the gastrointestinaltract were applied to unencapsulated andencapsulated yeasts. Encapsulation in 0.5% calcium alginatedid not improve yeast survival or induce changes inprotein patterns whereas protein extracts from control anddigested yeasts showed remarkable differences when separatedby SDS-PAGE. Protein bands were analyzed bytandem mass spectrometry. Protein identification revealedunique proteins that changed acutely in abundance aftersimulated digestion. Carbohydrate metabolism, proteinprocessing, and oxide-reduction were the biological processesmost affected by simulated gastrointestinal digestionin S. boulardii.
Martha Graciela Ruiz-Gutiérrez,Carlos Abel Amaya-Guerra,Armando Quintero-Ramos,Teresita de Jesús Ruiz-Anchondo,Janeth Alejandra Gutiérrez-Uribe,Juan Gabriel Baez-González,Daniel Lardizabal-Gutiérrez,K 한국식품과학회 2014 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.23 No.3
The effects of red cactus pear encapsulationusing spray drying with soluble fiber were evaluated. Cactus pear juice was mixed with 15, 22.5, or 30% solublefiber and dried at 160, 180, or 200ºC. Juice showed highlevels of polyphenols, quercetin, kaempferol, isoharmetin,betacyanins, betaxanthins, and a high antioxidant activity. Increased soluble fiber amounts significantly (p<0.05)increased the pH, aw, water solubility index (WSI), L*, andb* values. Levels of polyphenols and betacyanins decreasedsignificantly (p<0.05) as the soluble fiber content and thedrying temperature increased, respectively. Encapsulationat 160ºC and 22.5% of soluble fiber yielded good physicalproperties and high bioactive compounds. Microscopicanalysis showed spherically shaped capsules, the shapewas affected by the concentration of added soluble fiber. Low soluble fiber concentrations were associated withmore collapsed capsules. Soluble fiber for encapsulatingcactus pear resulted in a powder with good properties thatcan be used as a food ingredient.
In vitro ion adsorption and cytocompatibility of dicalcium phosphate ceramics
Martha Schamel,Jake E. Barralet,Jürgen Groll,Uwe Gbureck 한국생체재료학회 2017 생체재료학회지 Vol.21 No.2
Background: In vitro cell testing of degradable bioceramics such as brushite or monetite is often challenging due to the ion release into or adsorption from the culture medium. These ionic changes are then mostly responsible for cell proliferation and activity, which prohibits the investigation of effects originating from surface topography or further material modifications. Methods: Here, we aimed to solve this problem by developing a pre-conditioning regime following the repeated immersion of brushite and monetite samples in various Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO4 3− containing electrolytes, followed by studying ion adsorption / release as well as changes in phase composition and in vitro cytocompatibility with MG63 cells. Results: The results demonstrated that by using DMEM cell culture medium in a ratio of 10 ml/sample was sufficient to minimize changes of ionic composition after 7 d with a daily change of the medium. This leads to changes of the surface composition with dissolution of the brushite phase. In turn, this also positively influences the in vitro cytocompatibility with a 2–3 fold higher cell number and cell activity on the DMEM pretreated surfaces. Conclusions: Controlled sample washing prior to cell testing using DMEM medium seems to be a valuable procedure not only to stabilize the pH during cell culture but also to maintain ion concentrations within a cell friendly range.