20세기 푸가의 새로운 시각: 쇤베르크와 스트라빈스키를 중심으로

Zheng Lei,조대명 사단법인 한국융합기술연구학회 2023 아시아태평양융합연구교류논문지 Vol.9 No.11

본 논문은 20세기 초 ‘푸가’(fugue)의 새로운 미학적 관점을 고찰하고, 푸가가 실제 작품에서 변모된 양상을 분석하여 현대음악에서 유효성을 확인하는 데 연구 목적이 있다. 이를 위해서 먼저 문헌 검토를 통해 ‘푸가’ 의미의 변천을 기원부터 20세기 초까지 살펴보고, 20세기 초 대표적인 푸가 작품을 분석하고자 한다. ‘푸가’의 의미는 시대에 따라 달라졌는데, 본 연구에서는 19세기와 20세기 초 낭만주의와 절대음악의 입장에서 음악 미학자 및 이론가, 작곡가가 내린 푸가의 정의를 바탕으로 한다. 그리고 상반되는 견해를 대표하는 쇤베르크(Arnold Schoenberg, 1874-1951)의 《달에 홀린 피에로》(Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21, 1912) 제18곡 <달의 얼룩>(Der Mondfleck)과 스트라빈스키(Igor Stravinsky, 1882-1971)의 《시편 교향곡》(Symphony of Psalms, 1930)의 2악장 작품 분석을 통해 두 작곡가가 전통적인 푸가를 어떻게 변용하고 있는지를 연구하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 19세기 ‘푸가’는 형식으로써 인지되었는데 낭만주의적 관점에서 성격 소품으로, 절대음악의 관점에서 수평적, 선적 흐름의 선율로 정의되었다. 둘째, 20세기 ‘푸가’는 작곡 기법 또는 양식으로써 그 의미가 변모되었고 쇤베르크를 위시한 제2빈악파는 19세기 낭만주의적 견해를, 스트라빈스키로 대표되는 신고전주의(neo-classism) 음악 사조에서는 절대 음악적 견해를 이어가고 있었다. 셋째, 쇤베르크는《달에 홀린 피에로》에서 엄격한 푸가 기법을 통해 새로운 형식을 실험했고, 스트라빈스키는《시편 교향곡》 2악장에서 전통적 푸가를 답습하면서 자유로운 푸가 기법을 구사했다는 점에서 차이를 보였다. 그러나 두 작곡가는 공통으로 완전 4도/완전 5도 관계의 전통적 푸가의 ‘주제-응답’ 구조를 유지하고 있었다. This paper aimed to examine the new aesthetic perspective toward 'fugue' in the early 20th century and to analyze the transformed aspects in actual works to confirm the validity of fugue in modern music. For this, through a literature review, the change of meaning of 'fugue' from the origin to the early 20th century was considered, and the representative fugue works of the early 20th century were analyzed. The meaning of 'fugue' varies by era, and the main content of the study was to research the definitions of music aestheticians, theorists, and composers from the perspective of Romanticism and Absolute music in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Based on this, through the analysis of the No. 18 ‘Der Mondfleck’ from Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21(1912) by Arnold Schoenberg(1874-1951) and 2nd movement of Symphony of Psalms (1930) by Igor Stravinsky(1882-1971), who represent the two opposing positions, the study was focused on how the two composers are transforming the traditional fugue in works. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were obtained. First, the fugue in the 19th century was commonly recognized as a form; it was defined as a character prop from the romantic point of view and as a melody of horizontal, linear flow from the point of view of absolute music. Second, the fugue in the 20th century changed its meaning as a compositional technique or style, the 2nd Viennese school, including Schoenberg, continued the musical view in the 19th-century romanticism, and neoclassical music group represented by Stravinsky did the absolute musical idea. Third, Schoenberg attempted a new formal experiment through the strict fugue technique in his work; Stravinsky followed the components of traditional fugue in his work, showing the difference in using the free fugue technique. However, the two composers maintained the traditional 'Subject-Answer' structure of perfect 4th/5th in common.

Criticality benchmarking of ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3 neutron data libraries with RMC code

Zheng, Lei,Huang, Shanfang,Wang, Kan Korean Nuclear Society 2020 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.52 No.9

New versions of ENDF/B and JEFF data libraries have been released during the past two years with significant updates in the neutron reaction sublibrary and the thermal neutron scattering sublibrary. In order to get a more comprehensive impression of the criticality quality of these two latest neutron data libraries, and to provide reference for the selection of the evaluated nuclear data libraries for the science and engineering applications of the Reactor Monte Carlo code RMC, the criticality benchmarking of the two latest neutron data libraries has been performed. RMC was employed as the computational tools, whose processing capability for the continuous representation ENDF/B-VIII.0 thermal neutron scattering laws was developed. The RMC criticality validation suite consisting of 116 benchmarks was established for the benchmarking work. The latest ACE format data libraries of the neutron reaction and the thermal neutron scattering laws for ENDF/B-VIII.0, ENDF/B-VII.1, and JEFF-3.3 were downloaded from the corresponding official sites. The ENDF/B-VII.0 data library was also employed to provide code-to-code validation for RMC. All the calculations for the four different data libraries were performed by using a parallel version of RMC, and all the calculated standard deviations are lower than 30pcm. Comprehensive analyses including the C/E values with uncertainties, the δk/σ values, and the metrics of χ² and < |Δ| >, were conducted and presented. The calculated keff eigenvalues based on the four data libraries generally agree well with the benchmark evaluations for most cases. Among the 116 criticality benchmarks, the numbers of the calculated keff eigenvalues which agree with the benchmark evaluations within 3σ interval (with a confidence level of 99.6%) are 107, 109, 112, and 113 for ENDF/B-VII.0, ENDF/B-VII.1, ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3, respectively. The present results indicate that the ENDF/B-VIII.0 neutron data library has a better performance on average.

Momordica cochinchinensis Seed Extracts Suppress Migration and Invasion of Human Breast Cancer ZR-75-30 Cells Via Down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9

Zheng, Lei,Zhang, Yan-Min,Zhan, Ying-Zhuan,Liu, Chang-Xiao Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.3

Objective: Metastases and invasion are the main reasons for oncotherapy failure. Momordica cochinchinensis (Mu Bie Zi in Chinese) had been used for a variety of purposes, and shown anti-cancer action. In this article, we focused on effects on regulation of breast cancer cell ZR-75-30 metastases and invasion by extracts of Momordica cochinchinensis seeds (ESMCs). Methods: Effect of ESMCs on ZR-75-30 human breast cancer cells proliferation were evaluated by MTT assay and on invasion and migration by wound-healing and matrigel invasion chamber assays. Expression and protease activity of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-9, were analyzed by Western blotting and gelatin zymography, respectively. Results: ESMC revealed strong growth inhibitory effects on ZR-75-30 cells, and effectively inhibited ZR-75-30 cell invasion in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot and gelatin zymography analysis showed that ESMC significantly inhibited the expression and secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in ZR-75-30 cells. Conclusions: ESMC has the potential to suppress the migration and invasion of ZR-75-30 cancer cells, and it might prove to of interest in the development of novel inhibitors for breast cancer.

A Novel Kinetic Analysis of Crystallization of Polypropylene (PP) in Dynamically-vulcanized PP/Ethylene-propylene-diene Rubber (EPDM) Blends Using an In-situ Measurement Technique

Lei Hu,Bin Yang,Yan-Li Deng,Fei-Xue Lu,Ru Xia,Zheng-Zhi Zheng,Ji-Bin Miao,Jia-Sheng Qian,Chuan-Ru Zhang,Peng Chen,Yu-Chuan Zhang 한국고분자학회 2017 폴리머 Vol.41 No.4

The effects of cooling medium temperatures and plastic/rubber ratios on solidification and crystallization kinetics of dynamically-vulcanized polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (PP/EPDM) blends were investigated with the aid of an in-situ measurement technique. The cooling medium temperature heavily influenced the solidification kinetics primarily due to a combination of latent heat liberated from the molten polymer and the heat transferred away via the metallic wall during the cooling period. Interestingly, the parameter C in three-parameter model was not only affected by the material properties, but also by the cooling condition, different from the previous literature. The crystallization kinetics analysis indicated that the effect of EPDM in the blends consisted of both nucleation-promoting effect (low EPDM loading) and steric effect (higher EPDM loading). The present kinetic analysis may be helpful to further studies on improving the product performances for industrial applications.

A study on the failure mechanism and wear loss of impregnated diamond bits during machining process of armor ceramics

Lei Zheng,Hai-Xiang Huan,Yong Zeng,Shuquan Song,Shili Cheng,Chunwei Zhang 대한기계학회 2018 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.32 No.1

Thin-wall diamond core bits are usually recommended for the machining of relatively high-sized holes in engineering ceramics. However, during the machining process of engineering ceramics, the tools are usually considerably worn. In this work, the failure mechanism and wear loss of thin-wall impregnated diamond bits has been investigated experimentally during the machining process of Al 2 O 3 armor engineering ceramics. In summary, the failure reasons of the bits can be divided into three cases: Bit skidding, twisted fracture of the bit clamp holder and breakup of the sintering body. The overall wear process of the bits can be roughly divided into three stages: The rapid wear, the stable wear and the sharp wear. The machining duration per hole presents an approximately periodic variation with the number of cumulatively machined holes. Under the experimental conditions, both the bit wear rate and the drilling rate present an approximately periodic variation with the cumulative drilling depth, whereas the corresponding periodic characteristics are not the same. During the hole-machining process, the wear loss of the sintering diamond bits is mainly concentrated on the matrix crown of the bits, but the wear of the matrix binder and the diamond grits on the outer cylindrical surface of the sintering body is negligible.

고령자 맞춤 온습도 컨트롤을 위한 침실공간의 행위패턴과 온습도 분석

정뢰(Zheng, Lei),심민경(Shim, Min-Kyeong),이현수(Lee, Hyun-Soo) 한국실내디자인학회 2014 한국실내디자인학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.5

Recently, we spend most of time around indoor instead of outdoor, especially the elderly people. So the environment of indoor became very important for them. When we test environment quality of indoor, the temperature-humidity measurement is the basic factors. Because the decreasing physical function of elderly people, they are hardly to percept mimic change of temperature-humidity and easily ignore it in normal living. The purpose of this research is using temperature-humidity sensor connect with behavior pattern data to find out problem of temperature-humidity in bedroom where living elderly people. As the result, the temperature of the bedroom was stability at mean degree 25℃. This is suitable level for living. Most of time, however, the humidity of the bedroom, which mean degree is 24.1%RH, was not arrived at necessity level. It"s urged to supply temperature-humidity monitor and controller connect with synthetical elderly people"s living pattern. There have not tightly relationship between the bedrooms and the Meteorological Administration"s publishing temperature-humidity degree. One suggestion is to use optical sensors. Optical humidity sensor is a color representation of the technology will be particularly helpful to the elderly. In addition, smart temperature and humidity controlled design are needed for the elderly and the disabled person.

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Are Associated with Viral Persistence and Downregulation of TCRζ Chain Expression on CD8+ T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients

Qing-Lei Zeng,Bin Yang,Hong-Qi Sun,Guo-Hua Feng,Lei Jin,Zheng-Sheng Zou,Zheng Zhang,Ji-Yuan Zhang,Fu-Sheng Wang 한국분자세포생물학회 2014 Molecules and cells Vol.37 No.1

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play an important role in impairing the function of T cells. We characterized MDSCs in two chronic hepatitis C (CHC) cohorts: a cross-sectional group that included 61 treatment-naive patients with CHC, 14 rapid virologic response (RVR) cases and 22 early virologic response (EVR) cases; and a longitudinal group of 13 cases of RVR and 10 cases of EVR after pegylated-interferon-α/ribavirin treatment for genotype 1b HCV infection. Liver samples from 32 CHC patients and six healthy controls were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. MDSCs frequency in treatmentnaive CHC was significantly higher than in RVR, EVR, or healthy subjects and was positively correlated with HCV RNA. Patients infected with HCV genotype 2a had a significantly higher frequency of MDSCs than those infected with genotype 1b. Decreased T cell receptor (TCR) ζ expression on CD8+ T cells was significantly associated with an increased frequency of MDSCs in treatment-naive CHC patients and was restored by L-arginine treatment in vitro. Increased numbers of liver arginase-1+ cells were closely associated with the histological activity index in CHC. The TCR ζ chain was significantly downregulated on hepatic CD8+ T cells in CHC. During antiviral follow up, MDSCs frequency in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was directly correlated with the HCV RNA load in the plasma and inversely correlated with TCR ζ chain expression in CD8+ T cells in both RVR and EVR cases. Notably, the RVR group had a higher frequency of MDSCs at baseline than the EVR group. Collectively, this study provides evidence that MDSCs might be associated with HCV persistence and downregulation of CD8 ζ chain expression.

Lepton-portal dark matter in hidden valley model and the DAMPE recent results

Tang, Yi-Lei,Wu, Lei,Zhang, Mengchao,Zheng, Rui Springer-Verlag 2018 Science China. Physics, mechanics & astronomy Vol.61 No.10

Surface Decarburization Behavior and Its Adverse Effects of Air-Cooled Forging Steel C70S6 for Fracture Splitting Connecting Rod

Zhang Chao-lei,Xie li-yao,Liu Guang-lei,Chen lie,Liu Ya-zheng,Li Jian 대한금속·재료학회 2016 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.22 No.5

Surface decarburization behavior and its adverse effects of air-cooled forging steel C70S6 for automobile engine fracture splitting connecting rod were investigated comprehensively by mechanical properties, microstructure and fracture morphology analysis. The results show that the surface decarburization in the outer surface of the fracture splitting at the big end bore and the micro-cracks in the decarburized layer are result in the uneven and spalling fracture surfaces of the waster connecting rod product. Besides, partial decarburization is produced between 900 °C and 1250 °C for heating 2 h, and decarburization sensitivity reach maximum at 1150 °C, but no complete decarburization forms for heating 2 h at 650-1250 °C. The decarburized depth follows a parabolic law with the increase of the heating time from 0.5 h to 12 h, and the decarburization sensitivity coefficient is 2.05×10 -5 m·s -1/2 at 1200 °C. For the connecting rod manufacturing, surface decarburization must be under effective control during the hot forging process but not the control cooling process.

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Are Associated with Viral Persistence and Downregulation of TCR ζ Chain Expression on CD8⁺ T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients

Zeng, Qing-Lei,Yang, Bin,Sun, Hong-Qi,Feng, Guo-Hua,Jin, Lei,Zou, Zheng-Sheng,Zhang, Zheng,Zhang, Ji-Yuan,Wang, Fu-Sheng Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2014 Molecules and cells Vol.37 No.1

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play an important role in impairing the function of T cells. We characterized MDSCs in two chronic hepatitis C (CHC) cohorts: a cross-sectional group that included 61 treatment-naive patients with CHC, 14 rapid virologic response (RVR) cases and 22 early virologic response (EVR) cases; and a longitudinal group of 13 cases of RVR and 10 cases of EVR after pegylated-interferon-${\alpha}$/ribavirin treatment for genotype 1b HCV infection. Liver samples from 32 CHC patients and six healthy controls were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. MDSCs frequency in treatment-naive CHC was significantly higher than in RVR, EVR, or healthy subjects and was positively correlated with HCV RNA. Patients infected with HCV genotype 2a had a significantly higher frequency of MDSCs than those infected with genotype 1b. Decreased T cell receptor (TCR) ${\zeta}$ expression on $CD8^+$ T cells was significantly associated with an increased frequency of MDSCs in treatment-naive CHC patients and was restored by L-arginine treatment in vitro. Increased numbers of liver arginase-$1^+$ cells were closely associated with the histological activity index in CHC. The TCR ${\zeta}$ chain was significantly downregulated on hepatic $CD8^+$ T cells in CHC. During antiviral follow up, MDSCs frequency in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was directly correlated with the HCV RNA load in the plasma and inversely correlated with TCR ${\zeta}$ chain expression in $CD8^+$ T cells in both RVR and EVR cases. Notably, the RVR group had a higher frequency of MDSCs at baseline than the EVR group. Collectively, this study provides evidence that MDSCs might be associated with HCV persistence and downregulation of CD8 ${\zeta}$ chain expression.