Identification and Characterization of Genes Differentially Expressedin the Resistance Reaction in Wheat Infected with Tilletia tritici,the Common Bunt Pathogen

Andr?Laroche,Zhen-Xiang Lu,Denis A. Gaudet,Michele Frick,Byron Puchalski,Bernie Genswein 한국생화학분자생물학회 2005 BMB Reports Vol.38 No.4

Investigating the Moderating Impact of Hedonism on Online Consumer Behavior

Ebrahim Mazaheri,Marie-Odile Richard,Michel Laroche 한국마케팅과학회 2010 마케팅과학연구 Vol.20 No.2

考虑到消费者和供应商的利益,公司利用网络为媒介来沟通并向消费者销售产品。这一趋势使得很多研究者和实践者都关注网上购物环境这一领域。本文测试了网上消费者行为和具有不同快乐主义水平的网址的模型。与以往的研究不同,我们包括了所有三种情绪(激励,快乐和支配)并将此运用到模型中。本研究中,我们假设网址的外观,例如背景颜色,音乐和字体在消费者最初接触到网址时均影响三种情绪(Mazaheri, Richard, and Laroche, 2011)。反之,这些情绪会影响消费者对网址氛围的感知–网址信息量,效率和娱乐性的感知。这些假设与Zajonc (1980)的研究一致。他认为情感的作用是独立于感性的和认知操作并且可以影响回应。我们因此提出网址氛围和流量的感知影响消费者对网址和产品的态度,网址卷入和购买意图。另外,我们研究网址的快乐主义水平对模型中所有关系的调节作用。因此,我们比较享乐网址路径系数“高”和“低”。我们用39个真实的网站涵盖了12种产品类别(8种服务和4种实物产品)来测试模型。这其中,回复者认为20个是高享乐,19个为低享乐。 EQS6.1的结果支持整体模型: χ2=1787 (df=504), CFI=.994; RMSEA=.031。所有假设都是显著的。另外,多群组分析表明在高享乐和低享乐网址群组之间的几个非不变量结构路径。这些结果支持三种情绪影响消费者对网址氛围,流量和其他消费者行为变量的认知。我们发现快乐极大的影响这网址态度和网址娱乐性的认知。激励积极的影响其他两种情绪,网址信息量的认知和网址卷入。而且,激励对流量的影响非常显著。这些结果说明在支配和消费者对网址效率的认知之间有很强的相关。支配同时和网址态度和流量相关。另外,结果还表明网址卷入和对产品的态度是购买意图最重要的两个因素。网址信息量和流量也积极的影响购买意图。多群组分析的结果支持网址快乐主义的调节作用。与低(高)享乐网址相比,实用(享乐)属性对其他变量的影响比高(低)享乐网址更强。在这三种情绪中,支配(控制感)影响在高享乐网址中更强。快乐影响在低享乐网址中更强。而且,网址信息量的影响对高享乐网址更强。另一方面,信息效率对网址信息量认知的影响和网址卷入对产品态度的影响在低享乐网址中更强。 Considering the benefits for both consumers and suppliers, firms are taking advantage of the Internet as a medium to communicate with and sell products to their consumers. This trend makes the online shopping environment a growing field for both researchers and practitioners. This paper contributes by testing a model of online consumer behavior with websites varying in levels of hedonism. Unlike past studies, we included all three types of emotions (arousal, pleasure, and dominance) and flow into the model. In this study, we assumed that website interfaces, such as background colors, music, and fonts impact the three types of emotions at the initial exposure to the site (Mazaheri, Richard, and Laroche, 2011). In turn, these emotions influence flow and consumers’ perceptions of the site atmospherics–perception of site informativeness, effectiveness, and entertainment. This assumption is consistent with Zajonc (1980) who argued that affective reactions are independent of perceptual and cognitive operations and can influence responses. We, then, propose that the perceptions of site atmospherics along with flow, influence customers’ attitudes toward the website and toward the product, site involvement, and purchase intentions. In addition, we studied the moderating impact of the level of hedonism of websites on all the relationship in the model. Thus, the path coefficients were compared between “high” and “low” hedonic websites. We used 39 real websites from 12 product categories (8 services and 4 physical goods) to test the model. Among them, 20 were perceived as high hedonic and 19 as low hedonic by the respondents. The result of EQS 6.1 support the overall model: χ2=1787 (df=504), CFI=.994; RMSEA=.031. All the hypotheses were significant. In addition, the results of multi-groups analyses reveal several non-invariant structural paths between high and low hedonic website groups. The findings supported the model regarding the influence of the three types of emotions on customers’ perceptions of site atmospherics, flow, and other customer behavior variables. It was found that pleasure strongly influenced site attitudes and perceptions of site entertainment. Arousal positively impacted the other two types of emotions, perceptions of site informativeness, and site involvement. Additionally, the influence of arousal on flow was found to be highly significant. The results suggested a strong association between dominance and customers’ perceptions of site effectiveness. Dominance was also found to be associated with site attitudes and flow. Moreover, the findings suggested that site involvement and attitudes toward the product are the most important antecedents of purchase intentions. Site informativeness and flow also significantly influenced purchase intentions. The results of multi-group analysis supported the moderating impacts of hedonism of the websites. Compared to low (high) hedonic sites, the impacts of utilitarian (hedonic) attributes on other variables were stronger in high (low) hedonic websites. Among the three types of emotions, dominance (controlling feelings) effects were stronger in high hedonic sites and pleasure effects were stronger in low hedonic sites. Moreover, the impact of site informativeness was stronger for high hedonic websites compared to their low-hedonic counterparts. On the other hand, the influence of effectiveness of information on perceptions of site informativeness and the impact of site involvement on product attitudes were stronger for low hedonic websites than for high hedonic ones.

Investigating the Moderating Impact of Hedonism on Online Consumer Behavior

Mazaheri, Ebrahim,Richard, Marie-Odile,Laroche, Michel Korean Academy of Marketing Science 2010 마케팅과학연구 Vol.20 No.2

考?到消?者和供?商的利益, 公司利用???媒介??通?向消?者???品. ?一??使得?多?究者和??者都?注?上?物?境?一?域. 本文??了?上消?者行?和具有不同快?主?水平的?址的模型. ?以往的?究不同, 我?包括了所有三?情?(激?, 快?和支配)??此?用到模型中. 本?究中, 我?假??址的外?, 例如背景?色, 音?和字?在消?者最初接?到?址?均影?三?情?(Mazaheri, Richard, and Laroche, 2011). 反之, ?些情??影?消?者??址??的感知??址信息量, 效率和??性的感知. ?些假??Zajonc (1980)的?究一致. 他??情感的作用是?立于感性的和?知操作?且可以影?回?. 我?因此提出?址??和流量的感知影?消?者??址和?品的?度, ?址卷入和??意?. ?外, 我??究?址的快?主?水平?模型中所有?系的??作用. 因此, 我?比?享??址路?系? "高" 和 "低". 我?用39???的?站涵盖了12??品??(8?服?和4??物?品)???模型. ?其中, 回?者??20?是高享?, 19??低享?. EQS6.1的?果支持整?模型: x2=1787 (df=504), CFI=.994; RMSEA=.031. 所有假?都是?著的. ?外, 多群?分析表明在高享?和低享??址群?之?的??非不?量??路?. ?些?果支持三?情?影?消?者??址??, 流量和其他消?者行??量的?知. 我???快??大的影???址?度和?址??性的?知. 激???的影?其他??情?, ?址信息量的?知和?址卷入. 而且, 激??流量的影?非常?著. ?些?果?明在支配和消?者??址效率的?知之?有?强的相?. 支配同?和?址?度和流量相?. ?外, ?果?表明?址卷入和??品的?度是??意?最重要的??因素. ?址信息量和流量也??的影???意?. 多群?分析的?果支持?址快?主?的??作用. ?低(高)享??址相比, ?用(享?)?性?其他?量的影?比高(低)享??址更强. 在?三?情?中, 支配(控制感)影?在高享??址中更强. 快?影?在低享??址中更强. 而且, ?址信息量的影??高享??址更强. ?一方面, 信息效率??址信息量?知的影?和?址卷入??品?度的影?在低享??址中更强. Considering the benefits for both consumers and suppliers, firms are taking advantage of the Internet as a medium to communicate with and sell products to their consumers. This trend makes the online shopping environment a growing field for both researchers and practitioners. This paper contributes by testing a model of online consumer behavior with websites varying in levels of hedonism. Unlike past studies, we included all three types of emotions (arousal, pleasure, and dominance) and flow into the model. In this study, we assumed that website interfaces, such as background colors, music, and fonts impact the three types of emotions at the initial exposure to the site (Mazaheri, Richard, and Laroche, 2011). In turn, these emotions influence flow and consumers' perceptions of the site atmospherics-perception of site informativeness, effectiveness, and entertainment. This assumption is consistent with Zajonc (1980) who argued that affective reactions are independent of perceptual and cognitive operations and can influence responses. We, then, propose that the perceptions of site atmospherics along with flow, influence customers' attitudes toward the website and toward the product, site involvement, and purchase intentions. In addition, we studied the moderating impact of the level of hedonism of websites on all the relationship in the model. Thus, the path coefficients were compared between "high" and "low" hedonic websites. We used 39 real websites from 12 product categories (8 services and 4 physical goods) to test the model. Among them, 20 were perceived as high hedonic and 19 as low hedonic by the respondents. The result of EQS 6.1 support the overall model: $\chi^2$=1787 (df=504), CFI=.994; RMSEA=.031. All the hypotheses were significant. In addition, the results of multi-groups analyses reveal several non-invariant structural paths between high and low hedonic website groups. The findings supported the model regarding the influence of the three types of emotions on customers' perceptions of site atmospherics, flow, and other customer behavior variables. It was found that pleasure strongly influenced site attitudes and perceptions of site entertainment. Arousal positively impacted the other two types of emotions, perceptions of site informativeness, and site involvement. Additionally, the influence of arousal on flow was found to be highly significant. The results suggested a strong association between dominance and customers' perceptions of site effectiveness. Dominance was also found to be associated with site attitudes and flow. Moreover, the findings suggested that site involvement and attitudes toward the product are the most important antecedents of purchase intentions. Site informativeness and flow also significantly influenced purchase intentions. The results of multi-group analysis supported the moderating impacts of hedonism of the websites. Compared to low (high) hedonic sites, the impacts of utilitarian (hedonic) attributes on other variables were stronger in high (low) hedonic websites. Among the three types of emotions, dominance (controlling feelings) effects were stronger in high hedonic sites and pleasure effects were stronger in low hedonic sites. Moreover, the impact of site informativeness was stronger for high hedonic websites compared to their low-hedonic counterparts. On the other hand, the influence of effectiveness of information on perceptions of site informativeness and the impact of site involvement on product attitudes were stronger for low hedonic websites than for high hedonic ones.

Ethnic Identity’s Relationship to Materialism and Consumer Ethnocentrism: Contrasting Consumers in Developed and Emerging Economies

Mark Cleveland,Michel Laroche,Nicolas Papadopoulos 한국마케팅과학회 2011 마케팅과학연구 Vol.21 No.2

With the globalization of economies, and the escalating interactions among societies and individuals worldwide, international market segmentation has assumed greater importance. Much more than an economic and geopolitical phenomenon, globalization’s effects operate at the societal and cultural levels, thus strongly affecting the individual consumer. As the locus of cultural effects, ethnic identity is a fundamental shaper of individual consumer behavior. The extensive discourse on the topic of globalization, identity and consequent consumer attitudes and behaviors is not backed by empirical research. The corollary is that knowledge of the outcomes of globalization on ethnic identity remains primarily anecdotal and speculative. Some authors contend that cultures are irrevocably converging, implying consumer attitudes, values and behaviors are becoming more homogeneous. Others counter that globalization reactivates ethnic and communal identities, thus entrenching cross-national differences. A third reckoning depicts a more complex outcome; with harmonization and fragmentation simultaneously occurring. Because globalization’s effects distort across time and place, the impact is variable across industries, economies, cultures, and individuals. From sociology, world system theory evokes asymmetric flows of influence; specifically favoring the developed economies of the West (‘the core’) over developing regions (‘the periphery’). Thus, a key inquiry concerns the differential impact of globalization on consumers living in developed versus emerging economies. Drawing consumers living in eight countries (Mexico, Chile, India, Hungary, Canada, Sweden, Greece, and South Korea), this research investigates the interrelationships among a set of values corresponding to and emanating from, global and local cultural flows; namely, ethnic identity, consumer ethnocentrism, and materialism. The focus is on identifying similarities and differences, in comparing consumers living in developed vs. emerging economies. In addition, three transnational consumer groups are examined, clustering consumers on the strength of affiliation to their national ethnic group (low, moderate and high). Ethnic identity (EID) is the locus of cultural effects. The extant literature testifies to the fundamental role played by EID in shaping consumer behavior. EID was operationalized as a multidimensional construct, incorporating the following facets: identification with and desire to maintain ethnic culture, interpersonal relationships with fellow ethic members, and local culture language usage. More than ever before, the forces of marketing and media, technology, travel and migration, transcend the borders of nation-states. This, according to many social scientists, presages the emergence worldwide of a materialistic, consumption-based orientation. Materialism (MAT) captures the significance of worldly possessions to the individual. Resistance to globalization should manifest through consumer ethnocentrism (CET). CET represents individuals’ biases towards locally-produced products, and against products perceived as foreign/global which are perceived as economic and cultural threats. The antecedent relationships of key demographic segmentation variables (namely, age, education, income, age, sex, and family size) to the psychometric constructs are also assessed, within and between the different groups. To summarize, the main research questions are as follows:1. Is consumer ethnocentrism a function of the strength of held ethnic identification, and is CET attenuated by higher levels of social affluence?2. Is materialism related to wealth and economic development, and is MAT apt to decrease with higher levels of felt EID?3. Which demographic variables are associated with what psychographic constructs (that is, EID, MAT, CET), and how robust are these relationships across levels of economic development and strength of EID?The study involved surveying consum...

Molecular characterization and comparative analysis of two waxy alleles in barley

Jian Ma,Qian-Tao Jiang,Laroche Andre,Zhen-Xiang Lu,Guo-Yue Chen,Ya-Xi Liu,You-Liang Zheng,Yu-Ming Wei 한국유전학회 2010 Genes & Genomics Vol.32 No.6

Two alleles of the barley waxy locus were characterized from non-waxy cultivar Bowman and waxy cultivar CDC Candle,respectively. Their nucleotide and protein sequences were compared with other known waxy genes. The comparison results indicated that there were 100 polymorphic sites, among which 69 were in the non-coding region and 31 were in the coding region. Out of 100 polymorphic sites, 45 were transversion,35 were transition and 20 were indels. A 397 bp deletion and a 193 bp insertion in the promoter region and a 15bp insertion in the coding region were found in CDC Candle,but not in Bowman. A deletion (11 bp) was detected in Bowman, which exhibited no effects on normal waxy expression. In summary, the 397 bp deletion was supposed to account for the reduction of GBSS I, resulting in the low amylose in CDC Candle; whereas other polymorphic sites might be not correlated with amylose synthesis.

Structure and Function Relationships in Microbial Communities: a Heat Shock Experiment

Wassila RIAH,Isabelle TRINSOUTROT-GATTIN,Fabrice MARTIN-LAURENT,Emilie LAROCHE,Xavier LATOUR,Karine LAVAL 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Identification and Characterization of Genes Differentially Expressed in the Resistance Reaction in Wheat Infected with Tilletia tritici, the Common Bunt Pathogen

Lu, Zhen-Xiang,Gaudet, Denis A.,Frick, Michele,Puchalski, Byron,Genswein, Bernie,Laroche, Andre Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2005 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.38 No.4

The differentially virulent race T1 of common bunt (Tilletia tritici) was used to inoculate the wheat lines Neepawa (compatible) and its sib BW553 (incompatible) that are nearly isogenic for the Bt-10 resistance gene. Inoculated crown tissues were used to construct a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library. Of the 1920 clones arrayed from the SSH cDNA library, approximately 10% were differentially regulated. A total of 168 differentially up-regulated and 25 down-regulated genes were identified and sequenced; 71% sequences had significant homology to genes of known function, of which 59% appeared to have roles in cellular metabolism and development, 24% in abiotic/biotic stress responses, 3% involved in transcription and signal transduction responses. Two putative resistance genes and a transcription factor were identified among the up regulated sequences. The expression of several candidate genes including a lipase, two non-specific lipid transfer proteins (ns-LTPs), and several wheat pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins, was evaluated following 4 to 32 days post-inoculation in compatible and incompatible interactions. Results confirmed the higher overall expression of these genes in resistant BW553 compared to susceptible Neepawa, and the differential up-regulation of wheat lipase, chitinase and PR-1 proteins in the expression of the incompatible interaction.

Protein can be taken up by damaged wheat roots and transported to the stem

Jay Rasmussen,Brandon H. Gilroyed,Tim Reuter,Ana Badea,François Eudes,Robert Graf,André Laroche,Nat NV Kav,Tim A. McAllister 한국식물학회 2015 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.58 No.1

Proteins of animal origin can represent a portion of the overall nitrogen (N) pool in the soil environment and there is a possibility that plants may utilize animal proteins as a N source. Using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) we investigated if the model protein, ovalbumin was taken up into the roots and transported within the plant. In roots, ovalbumin was associated with the epidermis when no root damage was evident, but with minor root damage, it was present in intercellular spaces throughout the cortex and at the endodermis. Ovalbumin was only found in the stem when minor damage to the root system was evident. Suspension cultures of wheat protoplasts revealed that ovalbumin was not assimilated into individual plant cells. Our results suggest that ovalbumin uptake and subsequent movement in wheat is possible only after root damage has occurred. Apoplastic movement may enable animal protein to enter plant tissues above the soil level where they could be consumed by grazers.

Identification and Characterization of Genes Differentially Expressed in the Resistance Reaction in Wheat Infected with Tilletia tritici, the Common Bunt Pathogen

Zhen Xiang Lu,Denis A. Gaudet,Michele Frick,Byron Puchalski,Bernie Genswein,Andre Laroche 한국생활환경학회 2005 BMB Reports Vol.38 No.4