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Zahid Hussain Khand,Sana Gul,Manisha Kumari,Ghulam Mujtaba Sheikh,Noureen Fatima,Kainat Fareed Memon International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2023 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.23 No.7
Machine learning with its high precision algorithms, Precision agriculture (PA) is a new emerging concept nowadays. Many researchers have worked on the quality and quantity of PA by using sensors, networking, machine learning (ML) techniques, and big data. However, there has been no attempt to work on trends of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, dataset and crop type on precision agriculture using internet of things (IoT). This research aims to systematically analyze the domains of AI techniques and datasets that have been used in IoT based prediction in the area of PA. A systematic literature review is performed on AI based techniques and datasets for crop management, weather, irrigation, plant, soil and pest prediction. We took the papers on precision agriculture published in the last six years (2013-2019). We considered 42 primary studies related to the research objectives. After critical analysis of the studies, we found that crop management; soil and temperature areas of PA have been commonly used with the help of IoT devices and AI techniques. Moreover, different artificial intelligence techniques like ANN, CNN, SVM, Decision Tree, RF, etc. have been utilized in different fields of Precision agriculture. Image processing with supervised and unsupervised learning practice for prediction and monitoring the PA are also used. In addition, most of the studies are forfaiting sensory dataset to measure different properties of soil, weather, irrigation and crop. To this end, at the end, we provide future directions for researchers and guidelines for practitioners based on the findings of this review.
K. Iqbal,Parvaiz A. Khand 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.58 No.3
We have studied the kinetics of an irreversible dimer-trimer reaction of the type 2 A_3 + 3 B_2 ! 6 AB by considering the precursor motion of the dimer (B_2) on a square, as well as on a hexagonal surface, by using a Monte Carlo simulation. When the movement of precursors is limited to the first nearest neighborhood, the model gives reactive window widths of the order of 0.22 and 0.29 for the square and the hexagonal lattices, respectively, which are quite large compared to those predicted by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) model. The phase diagrams resemble qualitatively to those of standard Ziff, Gulari and Barshad (ZGB) model. The width of the reactive window of the precursor model depends upon the mobility of the precursors. The continuous transition disappears when the motion of precursors is extended to the third nearest neighborhood. The diffusion of B atoms to adjacent vacant sites, as well as desorption of the dimer (B_2) from the surface with a certain probability (P), is also considered.