중국의 무역정책 국제규범 합치성 검토제도에 대한 연구

마광 ( Ma Guang ),이정흔 ( Li Jingxin ) 영남대학교 법학연구소 2016 영남법학 Vol.0 No.43

무역정책 국제규범 합치성에 대해 검토하는 목적은 중국 국내차원의 WTO의 무를 이행하여 WTO협정이 중국 국내에서의 시행을 추진하려는데 있다. 그 이론 기초는 국제법과 국내법의 관계문제이다. 이러한 검토를 위해 우선 WTO법이 조 약으로서 국내에서 가지는 법적지위와 국내법과의 관계문제를 명확히 해야 하는 데 본 논문은 첫 부분에서 관련 이론에 대해 간단히 소개하고자 한다. 다음으로, 조약이 어떻게 국내에서 적용되는가 하는 문제인데, 이는 각 회원국들이 WTO협 정을 이행하는데 있어 핵심문제이나 국제법에서는 그 적용방식에 대해 통일된 규정을 두고 있지 않다. 본 논문은 중국의 무역정책 국제규범 합치성 검토제도의 실무와 학계이론을 결부하여 제2부분에서 WTO법의 중국 국내 적용방식을 분석 하였는데 즉 검토의 국제법근거를 살펴보았다. 동시에, 실정분석의 방법을 이용 하여, 심천, 광동 등 지역의 관련경험과 결부하여 일반적으로 적용되고 있는 검 토방법을 지적하였다. 세계무역규범을 잘 준수하고 무역마찰을 감소시키기 위하여 중국은 규범의 시행 전 사전적인 검토를 대대적으로 추진하고 있다. 제3부분 에서는 이러한 검토의 특점과 개선되어야 할 부분에 대해 지적하였다. 미국과 EU는 WTO의 주요 회원국으로서 무역정책의 출범과 국제규범 합치성에 대한 검토에 있어 비교적 성숙된 경험을 갖고 있었다. 이들 국가의 관련 규정과 실무 에 대한 분석의 전제 하에 중국의 실정에 결부하여 본 논문에서는 개선방안에 대해 제시하였다. 마지막으로, 본 논문은 비시장경제국가라는 규정이 만료한 후 대폭 증가할 가능성이 높은 상계관세 조사를 예로 합치성 검토를 잘 함과 동시 에 어떻게 중국의 주권이익을 보호할 것인지에 대해서도 논의하였다. The purpose of carrying out the work of trade policy compliance is to perform the WTO obligations at the domestic level, in order to promote the implementation of the WTO agreement in our country. The theoretical basis of compliance work is the relationship between international law and domestic law. Aiming at doing better in the work of trade policy compliance, China`s government is supposed to clarify the legal status of the WTO treaties in the country as well as the relationship between the domestic law and the treaties. The article will briefly introduce the relevant theory in the first chapter. Secondly, methods of applying the treaties to the domestic law system should be highlighted, which is the core content of the implementation of the WTO agreement. However, there is no uniform provisions on the application of international law, which means it`s decided all by member`s government. The practice and theory of China`s trade policy compliance work, especially the domestic application of the WTO rules, is going to be talked about in the second chapter of the article. At the same time, using empirical analysis methods, the article will sum up the general working methods to assess the compliance of trade policy combined with domestic governments` experience. In order to integrate into the rules of the world trade system better, and reduce trade frictions, China`s new round of the compliance work, characterized by previous set, active and institutional is underway. In the third part, this paper summarizes the characteristics of the new round of compliance work and the shortcoming. The EU and the United States, playing main roles of the WTO agreements, * Professor, has a more mature mechanism of the legislation of trade policy and compliance review. Through the analysis of their related legal provisions and practice, combined with China`s actual situation, this paper proposes improvement solutions of the new round of China`s trade policy compliance work program. Finally, a large number of subsidy policies which will be faced with a lot of investigation since China`s "non market economy status" will be abolished automatically. Taking the new energy subsidy policy of European and American countries as an example, the paper will discuss how to balance the trade policy compliance and the national economic sovereignty protection.

B Cell–Intrinsic mTORC1 Promotes Germinal Center–Defining Transcription Factor Gene Expression, Somatic Hypermutation, and Memory B Cell Generation in Humoral Immunity

Raybuck, Ariel L.,Cho, Sung Hoon,Li, Jingxin,Rogers, Meredith C.,Lee, Keunwook,Williams, Christopher L.,Shlomchik, Mark,Thomas, James W.,Chen, Jin,Williams, John V.,Boothby, Mark R. American Association of Immunologists 2018 Journal of Immunology Vol. No.

<P>B lymphocytes migrate among varied microenvironmental niches during diversification, selection, and conversion to memory or Ab-secreting plasma cells. Aspects of the nutrient milieu differ within these lymphoid microenvironments and can influence signaling molecules such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, much remains to be elucidated as to the B cell–intrinsic functions of nutrient-sensing signal transducers that modulate B cell differentiation or Ab affinity. We now show that the amino acid–sensing mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is vital for induction of Bcl6—a key transcriptional regulator of the germinal center (GC) fate—in activated B lymphocytes. Accordingly, disruption of mTORC1 after B cell development and activation led to reduced populations of Ag-specific memory B cells as well as plasma cells and GC B cells. In addition, induction of the germ line transcript that guides activation-induced deaminase in selection of the IgG1 H chain region during class switching required mTORC1. Expression of the somatic mutator activation-induced deaminase was reduced by a lack of mTORC1 in B cells, whereas point mutation frequencies in Ag-specific GC-phenotype B cells were only halved. These effects culminated in a B cell–intrinsic defect that impacted an antiviral Ab response and drastically impaired generation of high-affinity IgG1. Collectively, these data establish that mTORC1 governs critical B cell–intrinsic mechanisms essential for establishment of GC differentiation and effective Ab production.</P>

Enhanced Strength–Corrosion Synergy of 6061Al Casting Alloy Through Erbium Addition

Guilan Xie,Puli Cao,Daibo Zhu,Jingxin Li,Chaohua Jiang,Juan Li,Yang Liu,Jirong Liu,Yulong Zhu 대한금속·재료학회 2023 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.29 No.12

The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of Er on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of 6061 alloys. Thetensile strength and corrosion resistance of the 6061 alloys first enhanced and then declined synergistically with the increaseof Er content. Microstructure analysis revealed that the morphology, composition, and potential of secondary phases changedsignificantly as Er content changed. When the Er content is 0.6 wt%, the needle-like β-AlFeSi phases transformed into thegranular AlFeSiEr phases, which led to an increase in the tensile strength of the 6061 alloys. At the same time, compared withthe acicular β-AlFeSi phases, the granular AlFeSiEr phases own a lower potential difference with α-Al, which weakened thecorrosion of the micro-galvanic couples. However, as the Er content is higher than 0.6 wt%, the granular AlFeSiEr phaseschanged to block-shaped, which can adversely affect the tensile strength and corrosion resistance of the 6061 alloys. EISresults show that, compared with the acicular β-AlFeSi phases, the 6061 alloys with granular AlFeSiEr phases form moreuniform oxide films and exhibit better corrosion resistance. This study indicates that through appropriate Er addition, thesynergistic enhancement of tensile strength and corrosion resistance of the 6061 alloys can be obtained, which is of greatsignificance for the strengthening and long-term service of aluminum alloys.

Evaluation and optimization of SrCo0.9Ta0.1O3−δ perovskite as cathode for solid oxide fuel cells

Qingjun Zhou,Tong Wei,Yihua Shi,Songqing Guo,Yan Li,Jingxin Su,Huan Ren,Yin Zhu,김경국 한국물리학회 2012 Current Applied Physics Vol.12 No.4

The SrCo0.9Ta0.1O3-δ (SCT) perovskite-type oxide is synthesized by the conventional solid state reaction method and examined as an alternative cathode for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The electrical conductivity of SCT sample reaches 250e152 S cm-1 in the temperature range 600e800 ℃. SCT exhibits good chemical compatibility with the intermediate-temperature electrolyte material Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (SDC). The average thermal expansion coefficient of SCT is 21.4 × 10-6 K-1. The cathode area specific resistance (ASR) of SCT is only 0.095 U cm2 at 750 ℃ and it decreases to 0.068 U cm2 when SDC is added to form a SCT-SDC composite cathode. The results indicate that the SCT can be a promising alternative cathode material for IT-SOFCs.