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Jung, Jinsang,Lee, Hanlim,Kim, Young J.,Liu, Xingang,Zhang, Yuanhang,Gu, Jianwei,Fan, Shaojia Elsevier 2009 Journal of Environmental Management Vol.90 No.11
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Optical and chemical aerosol measurements were obtained from 2 to 31 July 2006 at an urban site in the metropolitan area of Guangzhou (China) as part of the Program of Regional Integrated Experiment of Air Quality over Pearl River Delta (PRIDE-PRD2006) to investigate aerosol chemistry and the effect of aerosol water content on visibility impairment and radiative forcing. During the PRIDE-PRD2006 campaign, the average contributions of ammonium sulfate, organic mass by carbon (OMC), elemental carbon (EC), and sea salt (SS) to total PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass were measured to be 36.5%, 5.7%, 27.1%, 7.8%, and 3.7%, respectively. Compared with the clean marine period, (NH<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB>, NH<SUB>4</SUB>NO<SUB>3</SUB>, and OMC were all greatly enhanced (by up to 430%) during local haze periods via the accumulation of a secondary aerosol component. The OMC dominance increased when high levels of biomass burning influenced the measurement site while (NH<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB> and OMC did when both biomass burning and industrial emissions influenced it. The effect of aerosol water content on the total light-extinction coefficient was estimated to be 34.2%, of which 25.8% was due to aerosol water in (NH<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB>, 5.1% that in NH<SUB>4</SUB>NO<SUB>3</SUB>, and 3.3% that in SS. The average mass-scattering efficiency (MSE) of PM<SUB>10</SUB> particles was determined to be 2.2±0.6 and 4.6±1.7m<SUP>2</SUP>g<SUP>−1</SUP> under dry (RH<40%) and ambient conditions, respectively. The average single-scattering albedo (SSA) was 0.80±0.08 and 0.90±0.04 under dry and ambient conditions, respectively. Not only are the extinction and scattering coefficients greatly enhanced by aerosol water content, but MSE and SSA are also highly sensitive. It can be concluded that sulfate and carbonaceous aerosol, as well as aerosol water content, play important roles in the processes that determine visibility impairment and radiative forcing in the ambient atmosphere of the Guangzhou urban area.</P>
A Weakly Cationic Temperature Tolerant and Salt Resistant Polymer: Synthesis and Properties
Bo Deng,Xueqin Luo,Feng Jiang,Wei Liu,Jianwei Gu,Chao Liu,Yanan Song 한국고분자학회 2022 Macromolecular Research Vol.30 No.8
In the petroleum industry, water-soluble polymers can be used as oil displacement agents. However, the use of water-soluble polymers is limited because of poor temperature and salt resistance. To improve temperature and salt resistance, a weakly cationic polymer with large side groups (PAM/AMPS/VI) was prepared by copolymerizing acrylamide (AM) with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and 1-vinylimidazole (VI). The viscosity of PAM/AMPS/VI water solutions can be increased more than 20 mPa·s compared with PAM/AMPS. In addition, the viscosity of the solution increased continuously after aging at 80℃, showing good temperature and salt stability. The protonated tertiary amine in the imidazole ring electrostatically interacts with the sulfonic group, increasing the viscosity and salt resistance of the polymer. The five-membered ring of imidazole also enhances the rigidity of the polymer chain and improves the temperature tolerance. As a confirm of the result, a complete spatial network of PAM/ AMPS/VI was observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs. Using weak cationic polymers with large side groups can provide a reference for the design of new temperature tolerance and salt resistant polymer.