Factor Scarcity, Factor Abundance and Attitudies Towards Protection : The 3 ×3 Model

Janes, Ronald W. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1992 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.7 No.1

The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem is still alive and well-and being debated-afer fifty years. The original statement of the theorem was couched in a two-factor, two-commodity setting in which technology exhibits constant returns to scale and the absence of joint production. Competitive pressures then ensure that if a policy of tariff protection raises the relative domestic price of importables, the real re-ward to the productive factor used intensively in the import-competing sector must unambiguously rise. The logic is impeccable, but subsequent attempts to expand the dimensionality of the setting have been less successful in pinning down the effects of protection on real factor returns, a result perhaps neither unwarranted nor undesirable since it reveals that relationships among a small subset of variables can be altered by conditions of technology and relative endowments concerning other variables in the model. A few years after the appearance of the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem a pair of articles by Lloyd Metzler [1949a,1949b] suggested the possibility that for a large country a tariff might not be protective. If such a (Metzler) paradox were to prevail, a tariff would be opposed by labor if the import-competing good were labor-intensive. I suspect that the Metzler possibility, suggesting a reversal of the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem as originally stated, was instrumental in causing the theorem to be recast in terms of the effect of changes in domestic commodity prices on the rewards to domestic factors. It was this commodity price-factor price link that was so painstakingly (and frustratingly) analyzed in the late 1960's and early 1970's by Kemp and Wegge [1969], Chipman [1969], Uekawa [1971], Inada [1971] and others. By contrast, a recent piece by Leamer [1991] serves as a reminder of the trade setting of the original argument. Leamer raises the question of the attitude of the scarce factor towards protection of imports. Suppose labor is a scarce factor and suppose that there is a commodity which is unambiguous "friend" of labor in the sense that its price rise by itself would increase the wage rate by relatively more. In such a setting is there a necessity that this commodity be imported? If not, would be scarce factor still favor protection? The 3×3 model, and the "triangle" techniques employed by Leamer (1987,1991) and Jones and Marjit [1991], provide the most simple setting in which links among factor intensities in productive techniques, trade patterns, and concepts of factor scarcity and abundance can be analyzed in higher dimensional settings.

The Surgical Impact of E-Cigarettes: A Case Report and Review of the Current Literature

Fracol, Megan,Dorfman, Robert,Janes, Lindsay,Kulkarni, Swati,Bethke, Kevin,Hansen, Nora,Kim, John Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2017 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.44 No.6

We report a case of a 51 years old female with a 25 pack year smoking history who underwent bilateral mastectomy and immediate tissue expander reconstruction for newly diagnosed right breast cancer. The patient reported herself as a non-smoker despite significant e-cigarette use, with resulting significant mastectomy skin flap necrosis and breast reconstruction failure. Little is known about the physiologic effect of e-cigarettes on wound healing and tissue perfusion. To this end, we provide an updated review of the impact of e-cigarettes on surgical outcomes. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and PRS GO were searched for the terms "e-cigarette", "electronic cigarette", "e-cig", "electronic nicotine delivery system", "vaping", "surgery", "surgical", "peri-operative", "operate", "operative", and "wound healing". Abstract review of all articles was performed. 123 articles returned that contained both variants of e-cigarettes and surgery as keywords. Of those, manual assessment returned three articles which were found to be relevant to e-cigarette use in the surgical patient. No articles were found that compared perioperative complications in e-cigarette versus traditional cigarette users in humans. In conclusion, our case report depicts the potential dangers associated with e-cigarette use in the surgical patient. There is a public misconception that e-cigarettes are healthier than traditional cigarettes and as such their use may go unreported by patients. Early evidence suggests e-cigarettes may induce some of the same physiologic changes as traditional cigarettes, and may have a significant deleterious effect on wound healing.

Effect of nitrogen plasma on the surface of indium oxide nanowires

Seo, Keumyoung,Kim, Seongmin,Janes, David B,Jung, Min Wook,An, Ki-Seok,Ju, Sanghyun IOP Pub 2012 Nanotechnology Vol.23 No.43

<P>The change in the atomic nitrogen concentration on a semiconducting nanowire’s surface and the consequent changes in the electrical characteristics of a nanowire transistor were investigated by exposing In<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> nanowires to nitrogen (N<SUB>2</SUB>) plasma. After plasma was applied at N<SUB>2</SUB> flow rates of 20, 40, and 70 sccm with a fixed source power of 50 W, the In<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> nanowire transistor exhibited changes in the threshold voltage (V<SUB>th</SUB>), subthreshold slope (SS), and on-current (I<SUB>on</SUB>). In particular, after treatment at an N<SUB>2</SUB> flow rate of 40 sccm, V<SUB>th</SUB> shifted positively by ∼2.3 V, the SS improved by ∼0.24 V/dec, and I<SUB>on</SUB> increased by ∼0.8 μA on average. The changes are attributed to the combination of nitrogen ions produced by the plasma with oxygen vacancies or indium interstitials on the nanowires. Optimization of the plasma treatment conditions is expected to yield desirable device characteristics by a simple, nondestructive process. </P>

Interface studies of N₂ plasma-treated ZnSnO nanowire transistors using low-frequency noise measurements

Kim, Seongmin,Kim, Hwansoo,Janes, David B,Ju, Sanghyun IOP Pub 2013 Nanotechnology Vol.24 No.30

<P>Due to the large surface-to-volume ratio of nanowires, the quality of nanowire–insulator interfaces as well as the nanowire surface characteristics significantly influence the electrical characteristics of nanowire transistors (NWTs). To improve the electrical characteristics by doping or post-processing, it is important to evaluate the interface characteristics and stability of NWTs. In this study, we have synthesized ZnSnO (ZTO) nanowires using the chemical vapor deposition method, characterized the composition of ZTO nanowires using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and fabricated ZTO NWTs. We have characterized the current–voltage characteristics and low-frequency noise of ZTO NWTs in order to investigate the effects of interface states on subthreshold slope (SS) and the noise before and after N<SUB>2</SUB> plasma treatments. The as-fabricated device exhibited a SS of 0.29 V/dec and Hooge parameter of ∼1.20 × 10<SUP>−2</SUP>. Upon N<SUB>2</SUB> plasma treatment with N<SUB>2</SUB> gas flow rate of 40 sccm (20 sccm), the SS improved to 0.12 V/dec (0.21 V/dec) and the Hooge parameter decreased to ∼4.99 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP> (8.14 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP>). The interface trap densities inferred from both SS and low-frequency noise decrease upon plasma treatment, with the highest flow rate yielding the smallest trap density. These results demonstrate that the N<SUB>2</SUB> plasma treatment decreases the interface trap states and defects on ZTO nanowires, thereby enabling the fabrication of high-quality nanowire interfaces.</P>

Predictors of durable immune responses six months after the last vaccination in preventive HIV vaccine trials

Huang, Yunda,Zhang, Lily,Janes, Holly,Frahm, Nicole,Isaacs, Abby,Kim, Jerome H.,Montefiori, David,McElrath, M. Julie,Tomaras, Georgia D.,Gilbert, Peter B. Elsevier 2017 Vaccine Vol.35 No.8

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>The evaluation of durable immune responses is important in HIV vaccine research and development. The efficiency of such evaluation could be increased by incorporating predictors of the responses in the statistical analysis. In this paper, we investigated whether and how baseline demographic variables and immune responses measured two weeks after vaccination predicted durable immune responses measured six months later.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>We included data from seven preventive HIV vaccine regimens evaluated in three clinical trials: a Phase 1 study of four DNA, NYVAC and/or AIDSVAX vaccine regimens (HVTN096), a Phase 2 study of two DNA and/or MVA vaccine regimens (HVTN205), and a Phase 3 study of a single ALVAC/AIDSVAX regimen (RV144). Regularized random forests and linear regression models were used to identify and evaluate predictors of the positivity and magnitude of durable immune responses.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>We analyzed 201 vaccine recipients with data from 10 to 127 immune response biomarkers, and 3–5 demographic variables. The best prediction of participants’ durable response positivity based on two-week responses rendered up to close-to-perfect accuracy; the best prediction of participants’ durable response magnitude rendered correlation coefficients between the observed and predicted responses ranging up to 0.91. Though prediction performances differed among biomarkers, durable immune responses were best predicted by the two-week response level of the same biomarker. Adding demographic information and two-week response levels of different biomarkers provided little or no improvement in the predictions.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>For some biomarkers and for the vaccines we studied, two-week post-vaccination responses can well predict durable responses six months later. Therefore, if immune response durability is only assessed in a sub-sample of vaccine recipients, statistical analyses of durable responses will have increased efficiency by incorporating two-week response data. Further research is needed to generalize the findings to other vaccine regimens and biomarkers.</P> <P>Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers: NCT01799954, NCT00820846, NCT00223080.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> HIV vaccine-induced immune responses at 2weeks predict those 6months later. </LI> <LI> The former responses can increase evaluation efficiency of vaccine durability. </LI> <LI> The former responses of the same biomarker best predict the latter. </LI> <LI> Demographics and responses of other biomarkers add little for prediction. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

AFRICAN IMAGES IN KITHAKA WA MBERIA’S POETRY

Samson Ontiri Ongarora,Janes Nyachae Michira,Rayya Timammy,Kineene wa Mutiso 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2020 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.- No.49

Africa is a continent endowed with natural resources such as fertile land, minerals, forests, wildlife and a warm tropical climate. Besides, it has communities with diverse cultures which attract tourists from other parts of the world. However, for a long time, the continent has experienced social, political and environmental challenges like political instability, despotic leadership, civil wars, refugees, hunger, poverty and diseases among others. In this article, we apply key principles of postcolonial theory to analyse the various images of Africa as depicted by Kenyan poet Kithaka wa Mberia in his works. We argue that the poet as a committed and critical writer has depicted negative images about Africa as a challenge to Africans and its leadership to address those issues. For instance, he shows African leaders and governments as being corrupt and inept in their governance. As a result, there are rampant cases of corruption, tribalism and dictatorship which create little or no room for equality, democracy, freedom of speech and the rule of law. But on the other hand, the poet portrays some positive images of Africa including the beautiful natural sceneries, mountains, forests, wildlife, rivers, beaches and a conducive climate. We shall draw our examples from Kithaka wa Mberia’s five anthologies namely; Mchezo wa Karata (A Game of Cards), Bara Jingine (Another Continent), Msimu wa Tisa (The Ninth Season), Redio na Mwezi (Radio and the Moon) and Rangi ya Anga (Colour of the Sky).

The Surgical Impact of E-Cigarettes: A Case Report and Review of the Current Literature

Megan Fracol,Robert Dorfman,Lindsay Janes,Swati Kulkarni,Kevin Bethke,Nora Hansen,John Kim 대한성형외과학회 2017 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.44 No.6

We report a case of a 51 years old female with a 25 pack year smoking history who underwent bilateral mastectomy and immediate tissue expander reconstruction for newly diagnosed right breast cancer. The patient reported herself as a non-smoker despite significant e-cigarette use, with resulting significant mastectomy skin flap necrosis and breast reconstruction failure. Little is known about the physiologic effect of e-cigarettes on wound healing and tissue perfusion. To this end, we provide an updated review of the impact of e-cigarettes on surgical outcomes. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and PRS GO were searched for the terms “e-cigarette”, “electronic cigarette”, “e-cig”, “electronic nicotine delivery system”, “vaping”, “surgery”, “surgical”, “peri-operative”, “operate”, “operative”, and “wound healing”. Abstract review of all articles was performed. 123 articles returned that contained both variants of e-cigarettes and surgery as keywords. Of those, manual assessment returned three articles which were found to be relevant to e-cigarette use in the surgical patient. No articles were found that compared perioperative complications in e-cigarette versus traditional cigarette users in humans. In conclusion, our case report depicts the potential dangers associated with e-cigarette use in the surgical patient. There is a public misconception that e-cigarettes are healthier than traditional cigarettes and as such their use may go unreported by patients. Early evidence suggests e-cigarettes may induce some of the same physiologic changes as traditional cigarettes, and may have a significant deleterious effect on wound healing.

Relativistic Hydrodynamics and Quasiperiodic Oscillations

MATHEWS GRANT J.,FRAGILE P. CHRIS,WILSON JANES R. The Korean Astronomical Society 2001 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.34 No.4

We present preliminary numerical simulations of tilted-disk accretion around a rotating black hole. Our goal is to explore whether hydrodynamic instabilities near the Bardeen-Petterson radius could be responsible for generating moderate-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations in X-ray binaries. We review the relevant general relativistic hydrodynamic equations, and discuss preliminary results on the structure and dynamics of a thin, Keplerian disk.

Storage Time and Temperature Affect Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Solutions against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7

( Damir Dennis Torrico ),( Marlene E. Janes ),( Hong Kyoon No ),( Sujinda Sriwattana ),( Witoon Prinyawiwatkul ) 한국키틴키토산학회 2013 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.18 No.2

Antimicrobial activities of chitosan solutions (pH 5.6) with different molecular weights (470 and 1,100 kDa) and concentrations (0.5 and 1.0% in 1.0% acetic acid) against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were evaluated during 4 weeks of storage at -20, 4 and 25 o C. Antimicrobial activities of chitosan solutions decreased with increasing storage periods. Higher antimicrobial activity was observed at lower storage temperatures. 470 kDa chitosan showed stronger antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes, while 1,100 kDa chitosan was slightly more effective against E. coli. For both bacteria, 1.0% chitosan was more effective than 0.5%. Only 1,100 kDa chitosan (1.0%) showed significant decreases in viscosity over time. At 25 o C, a significant correlation (r=0.97; P<0.05) between antimicrobial activity (log CFU/mL reduction) against L. monocytogenes and viscosity of 1,100 kDa chitosan solution at 1.0% was observed. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan was dependent on molecular weight, concentration, storage temperature and time.

Control of Current Saturation and Threshold Voltage Shift in Indium Oxide Nanowire Transistors with Femtosecond Laser Annealing

Lee, Chunghun,Srisungsitthisunti, Pornsak,Park, Sangphill,Kim, Seongmin,Xu, Xianfan,Roy, Kaushik,Janes, David B.,Zhou, Chongwu,Ju, Sanghyun,Qi, Minghao American Chemical Society 2011 ACS NANO Vol.5 No.2

<P>Transistors based on various types of nonsilicon nanowires have shown great potential for a variety of applications, especially for those that require transparency and low-temperature substrates. However, critical requirements for circuit functionality, such as saturated source-drain current and matched threshold voltages of individual nanowire transistors in a way that is compatible with low temperature substrates, have not been achieved. Here we show that femtosecond laser pulses can anneal individual transistors based on In<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> nanowires, improve the saturation of the source-drain current, and permanently shift the threshold voltage to the positive direction. We applied this technique and successfully shifted the switching threshold voltages of NMOS-based inverters and improved their noise margin, in both depletion and enhancement modes. Our demonstration provides a method to trim the parameters of individual nanowire transistors, and suggests potential for large-scale integration of nanowire-based circuit blocks and systems.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2011/ancac3.2011.5.issue-2/nn102723w/production/images/medium/nn-2010-02723w_0005.gif'></P>