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Glover, Gary H.,Mueller, Bryon A.,Turner, Jessica A.,van Erp, Theo G.M.,Liu, Thomas T.,Greve, Douglas N.,Voyvodic, James T.,Rasmussen, Jerod,Brown, Gregory G.,Keator, David B.,Calhoun, Vince D.,Lee, H Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2012 JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Vol.36 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>This report provides practical recommendations for the design and execution of multicenter functional MRI (MC‐fMRI) studies based on the collective experience of the Function Biomedical Informatics Research Network (FBIRN). The study was inspired by many requests from the fMRI community to FBIRN group members for advice on how to conduct MC‐fMRI studies. The introduction briefly discusses the advantages and complexities of MC‐fMRI studies. Prerequisites for MC‐fMRI studies are addressed before delving into the practical aspects of carefully and efficiently setting up a MC‐fMRI study. Practical multisite aspects include: (i) establishing and verifying scan parameters including scanner types and magnetic fields, (ii) establishing and monitoring of a scanner quality program, (iii) developing task paradigms and scan session documentation, (iv) establishing clinical and scanner training to ensure consistency over time, (v) developing means for uploading, storing, and monitoring of imaging and other data, (vi) the use of a traveling fMRI expert, and (vii) collectively analyzing imaging data and disseminating results. We conclude that when MC‐fMRI studies are organized well with careful attention to unification of hardware, software and procedural aspects, the process can be a highly effective means for accessing a desired participant demographics while accelerating scientific discovery. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:39–54. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</P>
Carbohydrate and Ginsenoside Changes in Ginseng Roots Grown in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
John M. Follett,John T.A. Proctor,Eric F. Walton,Helen L. Boldingh,Catherine McNamara,James A. Douglas 고려인삼학회 2004 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.28 No.4
Ginseng is traditionally cultivated worldwide in cold continental climates. It is now also being cultivated in maritime environments such as New Zealandis. This paper reports a number of growth and quality parameters for plants grown under those conditions over two growing seasons and the intervening winter dormant period. While shoot biomass peaked mid-summer, in contrast, root biomass peaked late autumn/early winter. Starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose and inositol were detected in the roots. Starch concentrations were highest in early autumn (mean 470 mg/g-¹dry weight) and lowest in mid spring (218 mg/g-¹dry weight). Sucrose concentrations were low during early summer until late autumn but increased rapidly with the onset of winter and peaked during mid spring (168 mg/g-¹dry weight). Fructose and glucose concentrations were similar and peaked in late spring (5.3 and 6.2 mg/g-¹dry weight). Inositol concentrations peaked in mid summer (1.7 mg/g- dry weight). Starch/sugar ratios were high during summer and autumn and low during winter and spring. Ginsenoside concentrations and profiles showed that the six major ginsenosides, Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd, were present, but Rf was absent. Concentrations did not vary with sampling date. The most abundant ginsenosides were Re (15.9 to 17.5 mg/g-¹dry weight) and Rb1 (10.7 to 18.1 mg/g-¹dry weight). Combined, they accounted for > 75% of total ginsenoside concentrations. Limited taste tests indicated that highest root quality occurred during late autumn, after the shoots had senesced. However, quality could not be related to plant chemistry.
Carbohydrate and Ginsenoside Changes in Ginseng Roots Grown in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
Follett John M.,Proctor John T.A.,Walton Eric F.,Boldingh Helen L.,McNamara Catherine,Douglas James A. The Korean Society of Ginseng 2004 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.28 No.4
Ginseng is traditionally cultivated worldwide in cold continental climates. It is now also being cultivated in maritime environments such as New Zealandis. This paper reports a number of growth and quality parameters for plants grown under those conditions over two growing seasons and the intervening winter dormant period. While shoot biomass peaked mid-summer, in contrast, root biomass peaked late autumn/early winter. Starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose and inositol were detected in the roots. Starch concentrations were highest in early autumn (mean 470 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight) and lowest in mid spring (218 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Sucrose concentrations were low during early summer until late autumn but increased rapidly with the onset of winter and peaked during mid spring (168 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Fructose and glucose concentrations were similar and peaked in late spring (5.3 and 6.2 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Inositol concentrations peaked in mid summer (1.7 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Starch/sugar ratios were high during summer and autumn and low during winter and spring. Ginsenoside concentrations and profiles showed that the six major ginsenosides, Rgl, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd, were present, but Rf was absent. Concentrations did not vary with sampling date. The most abundant ginsenosides were Re (15.9 to 17.5 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight) and Rb1 (10.7 to 18.1 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Combined, they accounted for < $75{\%}$ of total ginsenoside concentrations. Limited taste tests indicated that highest root quality occurred during late autumn, after the shoots had senesced. However, quality could not be related to plant chemistry.