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Differential Sensitivity of Target Genes to Translational Repression by miR-17~92
Jin, Hyun Yong,Oda, Hiroyo,Chen, Pengda,Yang, Chao,Zhou, Xiaojuan,Kang, Seung Goo,Valentine, Elizabeth,Kefauver, Jennifer M.,Liao, Lujian,Zhang, Yaoyang,Gonzalez-Martin, Alicia,Shepherd, Jovan,Morgan, Public Library of Science 2017 PLoS genetics Vol.13 No.2
<▼1><P>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are thought to exert their functions by modulating the expression of hundreds of target genes and each to a small degree, but it remains unclear how small changes in hundreds of target genes are translated into the specific function of a miRNA. Here, we conducted an integrated analysis of transcriptome and translatome of primary B cells from mutant mice expressing miR-17~92 at three different levels to address this issue. We found that target genes exhibit differential sensitivity to miRNA suppression and that only a small fraction of target genes are actually suppressed by a given concentration of miRNA under physiological conditions. Transgenic expression and deletion of the same miRNA gene regulate largely distinct sets of target genes. miR-17~92 controls target gene expression mainly through translational repression and 5’UTR plays an important role in regulating target gene sensitivity to miRNA suppression. These findings provide molecular insights into a model in which miRNAs exert their specific functions through a small number of key target genes.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author summary</B></P><P>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs encoded by our genome. Each miRNA binds hundreds of target mRNAs and performs specific functions. It is thought that miRNAs exert their function by reducing the expression of all these target genes and each to a small degree. However, these target genes often have very diverse functions. It has been unclear how small changes in hundreds of target genes with diverse functions are translated into the specific function of a miRNA. Here we take advantage of recent technical advances to globally examine the mRNA and protein levels of 868 target genes regulated by miR-17~92, the first oncogenic miRNA, in mutant mice with transgenic overexpression or deletion of this miRNA gene. We show that miR-17~92 regulates target gene expression mainly at the protein level, with little effect on mRNA. Surprisingly, only a small fraction of target genes respond to miR-17~92 expression changes. Further studies show that the sensitivity of target genes to miR-17~92 is determined by a non-coding region of target mRNA. Our findings demonstrate that not every target gene is equal, and suggest that the function of a miRNA is mediated by a small number of key target genes.</P></▼2>
60 GHz multi-chip module based on cost effective hybrid multilayer PWB
Choi, Sung Tae,Hamaguchi, Kiyoshi,Ogawa, Hiroyo,Tokuda, Kiyohito,Kim, Yong Hoon Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2007 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS Vol.49 No.9
<P>A novel cost-effective 60-GHz multi-chip module (MCM) is proposed and demonstrated. It is based on a low-cost multilayer printed wiring board (PWB) with a novel vertical transition and a single layer waveguide transition which enables the use of low-cost substrates with high dielectric loss for millimeter wave applications. The proposed MCM technology has been successfully applied to the packaging of a 60-GHz self-heterodyne mixer, and no substantial difference in the RF performance is observed with the packaging. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2303–2305, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22719</P>
Anti-tumor Immunity and Radioprotection Effect by Fuscoporia oblique
Yeunhwa Gu,Yuka Itokawa,Toshihiro Maenaka,Takenori Yamashita,Kenichiro Tanaka,Koru Tano,Hiroyo Kondo,Insuk Choi,Torao Ishida,Takashi Nakamura,Kiyoto Saito,Kaoru Terai,Hajime Monzen,Masami Oshima,Tetsu 한의병리학회 2005 대한동의병리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.8
Rheumatoidal effects of Uncaria Tomentosa and Maytenus by a prolonged application
Yeunhwa Gu,Yuka Itokawa,Toshihiro Maenaka,Takenori Yamashita,Masayuki Tajima,Kaoru Tano,Hiroyo Kondo,Insuk Choi,Torao Ishida,Takashi Nakamura,Yuichi Ukawa,Kaoru Terai,Hajime Monzen,Masami Oshima,Tetsu 한의병리학회 2005 대한동의병리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.8
Antioxidant Activity and Anti-tumor Immunity by Propolis in Mice
Yeunhwa Gu,Yuka Itokawa,Toshihiro Maenaka,Takenori Yamashita,Norihide Mitsumoto,Kaoru Tano,Hiroyo Kondo,Insuk Choi,Torao Ishida,Takashi Nakamura,Kiyoto Saito,Kaoru Terai,Hajime Monzen,Masami Oshima,Te 한의병리학회 2005 대한동의병리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.8
Antioxidant activity and anti-tumor immunity by Propolis in mice
Choi, In-Sook,Itokawa, Yuka,Maenaka, Toshihiro,Yamashita, Takenori,Mitsumoto, Morihide,Tano, Kaoru,Kondo, Hiroyo,Ishida, Torao,Nakamura, Takashi,Saito, Kiyoto,Terai, Kaoru,Monzen, Hajime,Oshima, Masam Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2005 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.5 No.2
In South America, natural products with unknown drug effects are used as folk remedies and for preventive medicine. Among South American natural products, we directed our attention to Propolis, which have been known as medicinal plants, and examined the mechanisms by which these substances affect antioxidant activity, anti-tumor activity and immunoresponse. When the antioxidant activities of Propolis were examined by the DPPH and Rhoudan iron methods, since Propolis contains high levels of flavonoids, it is thought that flavonoids may be responsible for the antioxidant activity in this study. In the examination of immunoenhancement activity, we measured lymphocyte versus polymorphonuclear leukocyte ratios (L/P activity). The number of lymphocytes was significantly increased in groups treated with Proplolis. Specifically, slightly high levels of $IFN-{\gamma}$ were measured in mice bearing the S-180 carcinoma, after administration of Propolis. This strongly suggests that cellular immunity is especially activated by treatment with Propolis, because production of $IFN-{\alpha}$ is limited to the T cells and NK cells stimulated by mitogen and sensitized antigen. $TNF-{\alpha}$ shows a different extent and mechanism of action depending on the target cells. When $TNF-{\alpha}$ was measured in mice bearing the S-180 carcinoma, mice treated with Propolis showed slightly higher $TNF-{\alpha}$ levels as compared to the control group. This suggests that activated macrophages produce $TNF-{\alpha}$ in mice treated with Prapolis, since activated macrophages and lymphocytes are the source of most $TNF-{\alpha}$. When anti-tumor action was examined using two kinds of sarcoma (Ehrlich solid carcinoma and Sarcoma-180 carcinoma), tumor-suppressive ratios after treatment with Propolis was 29.1%. When Sarcoma-180 solid carcinoma was used, tumor-suppressive ratios were 62%. Thus, Propolis showed strong anti-tumor activity against two kinds of solid carcinoma. Taken altogether, this strongly suggests that Propolis enhances original functions of macrophages and NK cells, and as a result, secondarily enhances the immune reaction and suppresses tumor growth.