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Cho, Shinuk,Lee, Kwanghee,Heeger, Alan J. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2009 Advanced Materials Vol.21 No.19
<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>A thin capping layer of titanium sub-oxide (TiOx) prepared by sol–gel synthesis from titanium alkoxides extends the lifetime of organic FETs. The TiO<SUB>x</SUB> layer functions as an ‘active’ passivation/barrier layer that actually removes oxygen and water vapor from the organic semiconductor. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the lifetime of organic field-effect transistors when exposed to air. <img src='wiley_img/09359648-2009-21-19-ADMA200803013-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/09359648-2009-21-19-ADMA200803013-content'> </P>
Ma, W.,Yang, C.,Heeger, A. J. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2007 Advanced Materials Vol.19 No.10
<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Spatial Fourier transforms and power spectral density were used to analyze digital TEM images of bulk heterojunction material based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) as donor and a soluble fullerene (PCBM) as acceptor. Optimized high-temperature annealing leads to well-defined nanoscale (< 20 nm) interpenetrating networks (see figure). The power spectral density provides a detailed and quantitative description of the bulk heterojunction material and the kinetics of the phase separation. <img src='wiley_img/09359648-2007-19-10-ADMA200601933-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/09359648-2007-19-10-ADMA200601933-content'> </P>
Neutrino physics for Korean diplomacy
Carr, Rachel,Coleman, Jonathon,Gratta, Giorgio,Heeger, Karsten,Huber, Patrick,Hor, YuenKeung,Kawasaki, Takeo,Kim, Soo-Bong,Kim, Yeongduk,Learned, John,Lindner, Manfred,Nakajima, Kyohei,Seo, Seon-Hee,S American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2018 Science Vol.362 No.6415
Hierarchy of cortical responses underlying binocular rivalry
Lee, Sang-Hun,Blake, Randolph,Heeger, David J Nature Publishing Group 2007 NATURE NEUROSCIENCE Vol.10 No.8
During binocular rivalry, physical stimulation is dissociated from conscious visual awareness. Human brain imaging reveals a tight linkage between the neural events in human primary visual cortex (V1) and the dynamics of perceptual waves during transitions in dominance during binocular rivalry. Here, we report results from experiments in which observers' attention was diverted from the rival stimuli, implying that: competition between two rival stimuli involves neural circuits in V1, and attention is crucial for the consequences of this neural competition to advance to higher visual areas and promote perceptual waves.
Cho, Shinuk,Seo, Jung Hwa,Lee, Kwanghee,Heeger, Alan J. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2009 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.19 No.9
<P>Enhanced performance of n-channel organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is demonstrated by introducing a titanium sub-oxide (TiO<SUB>x</SUB>) injection layer. The n-channel OFETs utilize [6,6]-phenyl-C<SUB>61</SUB> butyric acid methyl ester (PC<SUB>61</SUB>BM) or [6,6]-phenyl-C<SUB>71</SUB> butyric acid methyl ester (PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM) as the semiconductor in the channel. With the TiO<SUB>x</SUB> injection layer, the electron mobilities of PC<SUB>61</SUB>BM and PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM FET using Al as source/drain electrodes are comparable to those obtained from OFETs using Ca as the source/drain electrodes. Direct measurement of contact resistance (R<SUB>c</SUB>) shows significantly decreased R<SUB>c</SUB> values for FETs with the TiO<SUB>x</SUB> layer. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) studies demonstrate that the TiO<SUB>x</SUB> layer reduces the electron injection barrier because of the relatively strong interfacial dipole of TiO<SUB>x</SUB>. In addition to functioning as an electron injection layer that eliminates the contact resistance, the TiO<SUB>x</SUB> layer acts as a passivation layer that prevents penetration of O<SUB>2</SUB> and H<SUB>2</SUB>O; devices with the TiO<SUB>x</SUB> injection layer exhibit a significant improvement in lifetime when exposed to air.</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Enhanced performance of fullerene organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is demonstrated by introducing a TiO<SUB>x</SUB> injection layer that essentially eliminates the contact resistance between the electrodes and the active layer. The TiO<SUB>x</SUB> layer also serves to protect the device against penetration of O<SUB>2</SUB> and H<SUB>2</SUB>O, and thereby leads to a significant improvement in the lifetime of OFETs when exposed to air. <img src='wiley_img/1616301X-2009-19-9-ADFM200900189-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/1616301X-2009-19-9-ADFM200900189-content'> </P>
A low-bandgap alternating copolymer containing the dimethylbenzimidazole moiety
Song, Suhee,Jin, Youngeup,Park, Sung Heum,Cho, Shinuk,Kim, Il,Lee, Kwanghee,Heeger, Alan J.,Suh, Hongsuk Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.20 No.31
<P>A new acceptor unit containing dimethyl-2<I>H</I>-benzimidazole was synthesized and utilized for the synthesis of a conjugated polymer containing electron donor–acceptor pairs for OPV devices. The dimethyl-2<I>H</I>-benzimidazole unit was designed to act as a substitute for the BT unit of <B>PCDTBT</B>. This novel dimethyl-2<I>H</I>-benzimidazole unit has two methyl groups which can supply higher solubility than those of the BT series. A thin film of <B>PCDTMBI</B>, containing the dimethyl-2<I>H</I>-benzimidazole unit, shows two broad absorption bands with maxima at 400 and 636 nm and an absorption onset of 756 nm, corresponding to a band gap of 1.64 eV. The oxidation onset of <B>PCDTMBI</B> was estimated to be 0.67 V, which corresponds to a HOMO energy level of −5.47 eV. The LUMO energy level of the polymer was thus determined to be −3.82 eV. A device with a <B>PCDTMBI</B>:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blend had a <I>V</I><SUB>OC</SUB> value of 0.65 V, a <I>J</I><SUB>SC</SUB> value of 10.0 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP>, and a <I>FF</I> of 0.48, leading to an efficiency of 3.12%. The enhanced efficiency of <B>PCDTMBI</B> was caused by the higher IPCE value between 400 and 700 nm and high mobility (2.2 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>).</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>A new acceptor unit containing dimethyl-2<I>H</I>-benzimidazole was synthesized and utilized for the synthesis of a conjugated polymer containing electron donor–acceptor pairs for OPV devices. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c0jm00772b'> </P>