Eurasian Economic Union: Evolution, challenges and possible future directions

Golam Mostafa,Monowar Mahmood 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2018 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol.9 No.2

Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia formed the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) with the aim of fostering closer economic cooperation among member states for the well-being of the people of the region. This paper critically analyses the history and evolution of the EEU as well as its success, challenges and prospects. Despite numerous attempts and initiatives, the EEU’s actions have hardly achieved any significant success because most of its goals have either been declarative in nature or politically motivated and not taken seriously. Russian domination, influence, control and pressure may also be reasons for lack of progress and success. Long, bitter historical memories and distrust among the member states also made the integration process difficult. The article concludes that this latest attempt at integration in the former USSR region seems to be in trouble and may result in failure because of deteriorating economic conditions in Russia, the crisis facing the ruble, Russia’s continuous conflict with Ukraine and distrust among the member states.

The concept of ‘Eurasia’: Kazakhstan's Eurasian policy and its implications

Golam Mostafa 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2013 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol.4 No.2

The term Eurasia is a contentious and illusive one and there is no consensus or agreement among authors on its meanings, implications and ramifications. President Nursultan Nazarbayev of the Republic of Kazakhstan introduced and developed his own vision, policies, perceptions and values of Eurasianism which he has been propagating and practicing on a continuous and consistent basis. In fact, the concept of Eurasianism and Eurasian policies have turned into state ideologies which are reflected in domestic, regional and foreign policies as well as in the foundation of the recent regional integration process. The purpose of the article is: to study and review the genesis of the old, popular as well as contemporary schools and thoughts of Eurasianism, their underlying goals, objectives and purposes in order to locate and understand Kazakhstan's views and concepts of Eurasianism in a broad historical and comparative perspectives; to review and critically analyze how President Nazarbayev's visions and policies of Eurasianism are reflected in the country's domestic, regional and foreign policies and what are their implications.

TP53 Codon 72 Polymorphisms and Lung Cancer Risk in the Bangladeshi Population

Chowdhury, Miraj Kobad,Moniruzzaman, Md,Al Emran, Abdullah,Mostafa, Mohammad Golam,Kuddus, Ruhul H,Uddin, M Aftab Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.8

Objective: To assess associations between codon 72 polymorphisms (Pro or B and Arg or b alleles) of the TP53 gene and lung cancer risk among Bangladeshis. Materials and Methods: The distribution of the BB, Bb, and bb genotypes and the frequencies of the B and b alleles were determined by PCR-RFLP method using DNA extracted from leucocytes of 50 confirmed lung cancer patients and 50 age-matched controls and the data were analysed. Results: The ratio of BB, Bb, and bb genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except for the male patients (${\chi}2=4.6$). The B allele is overrepresented among all patients (OR=2.0, p=0.02) and the female patients (OR=4.1, $p{\leq}0.01$) compared to the controls. The BB/bb ratio was also higher among the patients (OR=3.0, p=0.03). The relative risk of cancer for having BB over bb genotype was 1.8 (p=0.04) but no effect was observed for the Bb genotype. The B allele was overrepresented among patients with adenocarcinomas (OR=2.4, $p{\leq}0.01$) and squamous cell carcinomas (OR=2.7, $p{\leq}0.01$) over the controls but the difference was not significant for those with small cell lung carcinomas (OR=1.1, p=0.66). The B allele was overrepresented among patients age 50 or younger (OR=2.7, $p{\leq}0.01$), but not for older patients (OR=1.7, p=0.07), and among smokers compared to the controls (OR=1.8-10.0, $p{\leq}0.01-0.03$). However, no correlation between increasing pack-years and lung cancer was observed. Conclusions: The Pro/Pro (BB) genotype and the B allele are risk factors for lung cancer among Bangladeshis, particularly for people under age 50, women and smokers.

A cohort study on the association of MDM₂ SNP₃₀₉ with lung cancer risk in Bangladeshi population

( Hasan Al Reza ),( Wardatul Jannat Anamika ),( Md. Miraj Kobad Chowdhury ),( Mohammad Golam Mostafa ),( M. Aftab Uddin ) 대한내과학회 2020 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.35 No.3

Background/Aims: Bangladesh is a densely populated country with an increased incidence of lung cancer, mostly due to smoking. Therefore, elucidating the association of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 309 (rs2279744) with lung cancer risk from smoking in Bangladeshi population has become necessary. Methods: DNA was extracted from blood samples of 126 lung cancer patient and 133 healthy controls. The MDM2 SNP309 was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), using the restriction enzymes MspA1I. Logistic regression was then carried out to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the risk of lung cancer. A meta-analysis of SNP309 was also carried out on 12,758 control subjects and 11,638 patient subjects. Results: In multivariate logistic regression, significantly increased risk of lung cancer was observed for MDM2 SNP309 in the dominant model (TG + GG vs. TT: OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.29 to 3.53). Stratification analysis revealed that age, sex, obesity, and smoking also increases the risk of lung cancer when carrying the MDM2 SNP309. Our meta-analysis revealed that MDM2 SNP309 was considerably associated with lung cancer in Asian populations (TG + GG vs. TT: OR, 1.32; 95% CI , 1.12 to 1.56; p = 0.019 for heterogeneity). Conclusions: The MDM2 SNP309 was associated with high risk of lung cancer in Bangladeshi and Asian population, particularly with increased age, smoking, and body mass index.

A cohort study on the association of MDM2 SNP309 with lung cancer risk in Bangladeshi population

Hasan Al Reza,Wardatul Jannat Anamika,Md. Miraj Kobad Chowdhury,Mohammad Golam Mostafa,M. Aftab Uddin 대한내과학회 2020 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.35 No.3

Background/Aims: Bangladesh is a densely populated country with an increased incidence of lung cancer, mostly due to smoking. Therefore, elucidating the association of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 309 (rs2279744) with lung cancer risk from smoking in Bangladeshi population has become necessary. Methods: DNA was extracted from blood samples of 126 lung cancer patient and 133 healthy controls. The MDM2 SNP309 was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), using the restriction enzymes MspA1I. Logistic regression was then carried out to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the risk of lung cancer. A meta-analysis of SNP309 was also carried out on 12,758 control subjects and 11,638 patient subjects. Results: In multivariate logistic regression, significantly increased risk of lung cancer was observed for MDM2 SNP309 in the dominant model (TG + GG vs. TT: OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.29 to 3.53). Stratification analysis revealed that age, sex, obesity, and smoking also increases the risk of lung cancer when carrying the MDM2 SNP309. Our meta-analysis revealed that MDM2 SNP309 was considerably associated with lung cancer in Asian populations (TG + GG vs. TT: OR, 1.32; 95% CI , 1.12 to 1.56; p = 0.019 for heterogeneity). Conclusions: The MDM2 SNP309 was associated with high risk of lung cancer in Bangladeshi and Asian population, particularly with increased age, smoking, and body mass index.

Concomitant polymorphism of an antiferromagnetically coupled dicopper(II,II) complex with single strand helical assembly: Synthesis, structure, DSC, magnetic and heterogeneous catalytic studies

Mijanuddin, Md.,Jana, Atish Dipankar,Drew, Michael G.B.,Hong, Chang Seop,Chattopadhyay, Basab,Mukherjee, Monika,Nandi, Mahasweta,Bhaumik, Asim,Helliwell, Madeline,Mostafa, Golam,Ali, Mahammad Elsevier 2009 Polyhedron Vol.28 No.4

<P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P><P>Two concomitant polymorphic coordination complexes (<B>I</B> and <B>II</B>) have been characterized crystallographically. Complex <B>I</B> shows the presence of a strong antiferromagnetic interaction and good catalytic efficiency in the liquid phase partial oxidation of olefins when immobilized on 2D-hexagonal mesoporous silica.</P><ce:figure></ce:figure> <P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Two concomitant polymorphic coordination complexes (dark blue – <B>I</B> and black – <B>II</B>) with the formula (Cu<SUB>2</SUB>C<SUB>44</SUB>H<SUB>60</SUB>N<SUB>4</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>) have been synthesized and characterized crystallographically. Magnetic measurements show the presence of a strong antiferromagnetic interaction and the 2<I>J</I> value corresponds extremely well to the theoretically calculated one, indicating the fact that it follows nicely the magneto-structural relationship. Immobilization of the copper(II) complex <B>1</B> on a 2D-hexagonal mesoporous silica showed good catalytic efficiency in the liquid phase partial oxidation of olefins in the presence of TBHP as an oxidant.</P>