Further evidence for early lunar magnetism from troctolite 76535 : Paleomagnetism of Troctolite 76535

Garrick-Bethell, Ian,Weiss, Benjamin P.,Shuster, David L.,Tikoo, Sonia M.,Tremblay, Marissa M. American Geophysical Union 2017 Journal of geophysical research. Planets Vol.122 No.1

개발도상국 위생시설 보급계획을 위한 방법론적 구조

( Garrick E. Louis ),( Luna M. Magpili ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.2

밀레니엄 시대에 우리가 직면하는 폐기물에 대한 도전은 증가하고 있다. 전세계적으로, 인간활동의 모든 단계에서 발생하는 폐기물인 생활/사업장 폐기물은 절대량과 일인당 발생량 모두 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 개발도상국에서의 문제는, 훨씬 심각한데, 이는 현행의 요구를 만족하는데 일반적으로 필요한 능력이 부족하고, 자원의 부족과 경제적 문제가 걸림돌이 되는 상황으로 인해, 현재 발생하는 폐기물에 대해 적절한 처리능력을 갖지 못하는 것이다. 본 연구는 계획에 대한 세가지 방면의 접근방법을 이용하였다: need s assessment(필요 평가), needs analysis (필요분석), needs management(필요 관리); 위해성 관리를 위한 세가지 질문에 반응으로서. 무엇이 이용될 수 있고 어떤 방식이 유용한가? 비용, 유익, 위해성의 항목을 모두 만족시키는 부분은 무엇인가? 장래의 선택에 대한 현재의 관리 결정의 영향은 무엇인가? 필리핀 Bacoor 지역의 사례연구를 통하여 조사된 본 연구는, 개발도상국에서 위생시설의 부족을 해결하기 위한 전후관계의 계획 구조를 나타낸다. The challenge facing us at the dawn of the millennium begins with scale. Given that waste is generated at all stages of human activity, residential and industrial waste production continues to increase in both absolute and per capita terms worldwide. The problem in developing countries is more acute due to the general inability to meet current demand and the pressing need to increase capacity to meet present and future needs under heavy economic and resource constraints. This paper adopts a three-pronged approach to planning: needs assessment, needs analysis, and needs management; as strategic responses to Haimes’ three questions for risk management (Haimes, 1998a), “What can be done and what options are available?” “What are their associated trade-offs in terms of costs, benefits, and risks?” “What are the impacts of current management decisions on future options?” The research presents contextual planning framework for addressing the deficiencies of sanitation services in developing countries, tested via a case study in the town of Bacoor, Philippines.

The tidal–rotational shape of the Moon and evidence for polar wander

Garrick-Bethell, Ian,Perera, Viranga,Nimmo, Francis,Zuber, Maria T. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2014 Nature Vol.512 No.7513

The origin of the Moon’s large-scale topography is important for understanding lunar geology, lunar orbital evolution and the Moon’s orientation in the sky. Previous hypotheses for its origin have included late accretion events, large impacts, tidal effects and convection processes. However, testing these hypotheses and quantifying the Moon’s topography is complicated by the large basins that have formed since the crust crystallized. Here we estimate the large-scale lunar topography and gravity spherical harmonics outside these basins and show that the bulk of the spherical harmonic degree-2 topography is consistent with a crust-building process controlled by early tidal heating throughout the Moon. The remainder of the degree-2 topography is consistent with a frozen tidal–rotational bulge that formed later, at a semi-major axis of about 32 Earth radii. The probability of the degree-2 shape having both tidal-heating and frozen shape characteristics by chance is less than 1%. We also infer that internal density contrasts eventually reoriented the Moon’s polar axis by 36 ± 4°, to the configuration we observe today. Together, these results link the geology of the near and far sides, and resolve long-standing questions about the Moon’s large-scale shape, gravity and history of polar wander.

Troctolite 76535: A sample of the Moon's South Pole-Aitken basin?

Garrick-Bethell, Ian,Miljković,, Katarina,Hiesinger, Harald,van der Bogert, Carolyn H.,Laneuville, Matthieu,Shuster, David L.,Korycansky, Donald G. Academic Press 2020 Icarus Vol.338 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Lunar samples returned by the Apollo program have provided insights into numerous solar system processes. However, no samples were returned from the lunar farside, where one of the Moon's most geologically important features resides: the 2500-km-diameter South Pole-Aitken basin (SPA). Here, we explore the hypothesis that lunar troctolite 76535 was excavated by SPA. This hypothesis is motivated by the sample's low peak shock pressure (<6 GPa), its substantial depth of origin (45–65 km), and its ancient <SUP>40</SUP>Ar/<SUP>39</SUP>Ar age of 4.25 Ga. We use hydrodynamic simulations of crater formation to show that for vertically incident impactors, SPA is the only known basin that can excavate material from the depth and shock pressure range relevant to 76535. The thermal history of 76535 also rules out excavation where a magma ocean was locally present. However, for the vertical impacts modeled, delivery of 76535 to the Apollo 17 site, where it was collected, requires a second impact event that preserved the sample's low shock state. An alternative interpretation of the SPA origin is that 76535 originates from the Serenitatis, Fecunditatis, or Australe basins, if the inferred origin depth of 76535 is in error by ~20 km, or its inferred peak shock pressure is in error by a factor of ~2. These basins could also be candidates for excavating 76535, if oblique impacts yield lower shock pressures of material excavated from the relevant depth. If troctolite 76535 is in fact a sample of SPA, we find that its 4.25 Ga excavation age and the density of large (100–300 km diameter) impact basins within and on the rim of SPA are consistent with the monotonically decaying chronology.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Simulations of vertically incident impactors show that only the South Pole-Aitken basin could have excavated the 4.25-billion-year old Apollo sample 76535. </LI> <LI> Oblique impact modeling and additional petrological studies are required to rule out the Serenitatis, Australe, and Nectaris basins. </LI> <LI> Local basal crustal temperatures when 76535 was excavated were 500-740°C, consistent with the absence of a magma ocean. </LI> <LI> When coupled with a 4.25 Ga formation age, the density of 100-300 km impact craters on the South Pole-Aitken basin is consistent with a monotonically decreasing impactor population since solar system formation. </LI> </UL> </P>

A NEEDS-BASED METHODOLOGICAL FRAME WORK FOR PLANNING SANITATION SERVICE PROVISION IN LESS INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES

( Garrick E. Louis ),( Luna M. Magpili ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1

The challenge facing us at the dawn of the millennium begins with scale. Given that waste is generated at all stages of human activity, residential and industrial waste production continues to increase in both absolute and per capita terms worldwide. The problem in developing countries is more acute due to the general inability to meet current demand and the pressing need to increase capacity to meet present and future needs under heavy economic and resource constraints. This paper adopts a three-pronged approach to planning: needs assessment, needs analysis, and needs management; as strategic responses to Haimes’ three questions for risk management (Haimes, 1998a), “What can be done and what options are available?” “What are their associated trade-offs in terms of costs, benefits, and risks?” “What are the impacts of current management decisions on future options?” The research presents contextual planning framework for addressing the deficiencies of sanitation services in developing countries, tested via a case study in the town of Bacoor, Philippines.

Iron content determines how space weathering flux variations affect lunar soils

McFadden, James,Garrick-Bethell, Ian,Sim, Chae K.,Kim, Sungsoo S.,Hemingway, Doug Elsevier 2019 Icarus Vol.333 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Previous work has established that the solar wind and micrometeoroids produce spectral changes on airless silicate bodies. However, the relative importance of these two weathering agents, the timescales over which they operate, and how their effects depend on composition have not yet been well determined. To help address these questions we make use of the fact that solar wind and micrometeoroid fluxes vary with latitude on the Moon. Previous work has shown that this latitudinally varying flux leads to systematic latitudinal variations in the spectral properties of lunar soils. Here we find that the way in which a lunar soil's spectral properties vary with latitude is a function of its iron content, when we consider soils with 14–22 wt% FeO. In particular, a 50% reduction in flux corresponds to a significant increase in reflectance for 14 wt% FeO soils, while the same flux reduction on 21 wt% FeO soils is smaller by a factor of ~5, suggesting that this brightening effect saturates for high FeO soils. We propose that lower iron soils may not approach saturation because grains are destroyed or refreshed before sufficient nano- and micro-phase iron can accumulate on their rims. We compare our results to the spectral variations observed across the Reiner Gamma swirl, which lies on a high‑iron surface, and find it has anomalous brightness compared to our predictions. Swirls in Mare Marginis, which lie on a low iron surface, exhibit brightness differences that suggest reductions in solar wind flux between 20 and 40%. Our inferences suffer from the limited latitudinal extent of the maria and the convolution of micrometeoroid flux and solar wind flux changes with latitude. Superior constraints on how space weathering operates throughout the inner solar system would come from in situ measurements of the solar wind flux at lunar swirls.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We find that the lunar maria brighten at higher latitudes, and the total brightening is a function of soil iron content. </LI> <LI> Above a soil iron content of ~21 wt% FeO, there is a negligible change in brightness with latitude. </LI> <LI> We use this finding to predict the brightness of the Reiner Gamma swirl, and find that it is anomalously bright. </LI> </UL> </P>

Comparison of alternative approaches to single-trait genomic prediction using genotyped and non-genotyped Hanwoo beef cattle

Lee, Joonho,Cheng, Hao,Garrick, Dorian,Golden, Bruce,Dekkers, Jack,Park, Kyungdo,Lee, Deukhwan,Fernando, Rohan BioMed Central 2017 Genetics, selection, evolution Vol.49 No.-

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Genomic predictions from BayesA and BayesB use training data that include animals with both phenotypes and genotypes. Single-step methodologies allow additional information from non-genotyped relatives to be included in the analysis. The single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (SSGBLUP) method uses a relationship matrix computed from marker and pedigree information, in which missing genotypes are imputed implicitly. Single-step Bayesian regression (SSBR) extends SSGBLUP to BayesB-like models using explicitly imputed genotypes for non-genotyped individuals.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Carcass records included 988 genotyped Hanwoo steers with 35,882 SNPs and 1438 non-genotyped steers that were measured for back-fat thickness (BFT), carcass weight (CWT), eye-muscle area, and marbling score (MAR). Single-trait pedigree-based BLUP, Bayesian methods using only genotyped individuals, SSGBLUP and SSBR methods were compared using cross-validation.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Methods using genomic information always outperformed pedigree-based BLUP when the same phenotypic data were modeled from either genotyped individuals only or both genotyped and non-genotyped individuals. For BFT and MAR, accuracies were higher with single-step methods than with BayesB, BayesC and BayesC<I>π</I>. Gains in accuracy with the single-step methods ranged from +0.06 to +0.09 for BFT and from +0.05 to +0.07 for MAR. For CWT, SSBR always outperformed the corresponding Bayesian methods that used only genotyped individuals. However, although SSGBLUP incorporated information from non-genotyped individuals, prediction accuracies were lower with SSGBLUP than with BayesC (<I>π</I> = 0.9999) and BayesB (<I>π</I> = 0.98) for CWT because, for this particular trait, there was a benefit from the mixture priors of the effects of the single nucleotide polymorphisms.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Single-step methods are the preferred approaches for prediction combining genotyped and non-genotyped animals. Alternative priors allow SSBR to outperform SSGBLUP in some cases.</P>

Beyond vs Within the Farm Gate: Nutrient and Organic Matter Solutions to Resource-Constrained Agriculture in Africa

Johannes Lehmann,Andrew Simons,Garrick Blalock,Worku Chibssa,Dawit Solomon,Marie Zwetsloot,Rachel Hestrin,David Bluhm,Berhanu Belay 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Magnetization in the South Pole-Aitken basin: Implications for the lunar dynamo and true polar wander

Nayak, Michael,Hemingway, Doug,Garrick-Bethell, Ian Elsevier 2017 Icarus Vol.286 No.-

<P>A number of magnetic anomalies are present along the northern edge of the lunar South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin. A variety of hypotheses for their formation have been proposed, but an in-depth study of their properties has not been performed. Here we use two different methods to invert for their source body characteristics: one that completely searches a small parameter space of less than ten uniform strength dipoles per anomaly, and another that uses grids of hundreds of dipoles with variable magnetization strengths. Both methods assume uniform magnetization directions at each anomaly and with one exception, produce nearly the same results. We introduce new Monte Carlo methods to quantify errors in our inversions arising from Gaussian time-dependent changes in the external field and the uncertain geometry of the source bodies. We find the errors from uncertainty in source body geometry are almost always higher. We also find a diverse set of magnetization directions around SPA, which we combine with other physical arguments to conclude that the source bodies were likely magnetized in a dynamo field. Igneous intrusions are a reasonable explanation (Purucker et al., 2012) for the directional variability, since they could be intruded over different magnetic epochs. However, the directional variability also implies either surprisingly large amounts of true polar wander or a dynamo not aligned with the lunar spin axis. We also explore the possibility that true polar wander caused by the SPA impact could allow iron-rich SPA ejecta to record a diverse set of magnetic field directions. Some of this material may have also become 'sesquinary' ejecta and re-impacted across the Moon on 10(4)-10(6) year timescales to capture such changes. No completely satisfactory answer emerges, except that the dipole-axis of the lunar dynamo may have been variable in direction. Published by Elsevier Inc.</P>

Glutaraldehyde-Mediated Synthesis of Asparaginase-Bound Maghemite Nanocomposites: Cytotoxicity against Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells

Baskar, G,George, Garrick Bikku Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.9

Drugs processed using nanobiotechnology may be more biocompatible, with sustainable and stabilised release or action. L-asparaginase produced from fungi has many advantages for treatment of lymphocytic leukemia with lesser side effect. In the present work, maghemite nanobiocomposites of fungal asparaginase were produced using glutaraldehyde-pretreated colloidal magnetic nanoparticles. Formation of nanobiocomposites was observed using laser light scattering and confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometry with the absorption peak at 497 nm. The specific asparaginase activity was increased from 320 U/mg with crude asparaginase to 481.5 U/mg. FTIR analysis confirmed that primary amines are the functional groups involved in binding of asparaginase on magnetic nanoparticles. The average size of the produced nanobiocomposite was found in the range of 30 nm to 40 nm using histogram analysis. The magnetic nanobiocomposite of asparaginase synthesised using glutaraldehyde showed 90.75% cytotoxicity against human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Hence it can be used as an active anticancer drug with an augmented level of bioavailability.