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Cervical cancer in the screening era: who fell victim in spite of successful screening programs?
B. Folke Pettersson,Kristina Hellman,Roxane Vaziri,Sonla Andersson,Ann-Cathrin Hellström 대한부인종양학회 2011 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.22 No.2
Objective: To compare profiles of a prescreening and screening cohort of women with cervical cancer regarding histopathology and clinical variables in order to identify those remaining at risk despite successful screening programs. By analyzing these profiles we hope to improve future screening methods. Methods: The prescreening and screening cohorts consisted of 5,046 and 1,174 women, respectively, treated for cervical cancer at the Department of Gynecological Oncology at Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, during the periods 1944-1957 and 1990-2004. Results: Mean age increased from 48.9 years to 55.3 years in the cohorts treated 1944-1957 and 1990-2004, respectively. The percentage of patients older than 69 years was 5.4% and 27.3% in the prescreening and screening period, respectively. A shift towards earlier stages at diagnosis, a reduction of squamous cervical cancer and an increase of adenocarcinoma were observed in the screening cohort. The percentage of adenocarcinoma was about 6 times higher among younger patients. Cases of stump cancer and cervical cancer associated with pregnancy have declined. Eighty-seven women in the screening cohort had a history of treatment for in situ carcinoma by conization; 28% of these cases developed cervical cancer within one year after conization. Conclusion: The profile changed in the screening era indicating a need to refine screening for improved detection of in older women. This study, one of the largest clinical series of cervical cancer, provides an important baseline with which later studies can be compared to evaluate the effects of human papillomavirus vaccine and other important changes in this field. Objective: To compare profiles of a prescreening and screening cohort of women with cervical cancer regarding histopathology and clinical variables in order to identify those remaining at risk despite successful screening programs. By analyzing these profiles we hope to improve future screening methods. Methods: The prescreening and screening cohorts consisted of 5,046 and 1,174 women, respectively, treated for cervical cancer at the Department of Gynecological Oncology at Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, during the periods 1944-1957 and 1990-2004. Results: Mean age increased from 48.9 years to 55.3 years in the cohorts treated 1944-1957 and 1990-2004, respectively. The percentage of patients older than 69 years was 5.4% and 27.3% in the prescreening and screening period, respectively. A shift towards earlier stages at diagnosis, a reduction of squamous cervical cancer and an increase of adenocarcinoma were observed in the screening cohort. The percentage of adenocarcinoma was about 6 times higher among younger patients. Cases of stump cancer and cervical cancer associated with pregnancy have declined. Eighty-seven women in the screening cohort had a history of treatment for in situ carcinoma by conization; 28% of these cases developed cervical cancer within one year after conization. Conclusion: The profile changed in the screening era indicating a need to refine screening for improved detection of in older women. This study, one of the largest clinical series of cervical cancer, provides an important baseline with which later studies can be compared to evaluate the effects of human papillomavirus vaccine and other important changes in this field.
Effect of Age Cohort on Life Cycle Financial Planning
Jee Yoong Folk 동아시아경상학회 2014 The East Asian Journal of Business Economics Vol.2 No.4
The paper examined effect of age cohort on life cycle financial planning. A total of 990 questionnaires were distributed with a 55.2% return rate. Seven hypotheses were analysed using hierarchical and ordinary regression analysis. The results revealed that age cohort variables made significant contribution to life cycle financial planning as well as personal orientation towards retirement planning, particularly the younger age cohort. Age cohorts do affect personal orientation towards retirement planning with the confidence level making a significant impact. Current financial resources do have a strong positive impact on consumption for all age cohorts. On the other hand, no significant effect was found between age cohorts and current financial resources but older age cohorts were relatively more significant predictors. The implication was that not only should their individual perceptions of financial planning become an increasingly important part of people’s long-term commitment throughout their life-cycle, it must also assume the role as a self-directed life-long learning process, in view of the ever-changing and complicated financial environment.
Initial Evaluation of 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) as a Renal Tracer in Healthy Human Volunteers
Malgorzata Lipowska,Jeffrey Klenc,Russell D. Folks,Andrew T. Taylor 대한핵의학회 2014 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.48 No.3
Purpose Preclinical studies in rats showed that two of99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) isomers (rac- and L-ASMA) had pharmacokineticproperties equivalent to that of 131I-OIH, theradiopharmaceutical standard for the measurement of effectiverenal plasma flow. The aim of this study was to evaluatethe pharmacokinetics of 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) isomers inhealthy human subjects. Methods Three ASMA ligands (rac-, L- and D-ASMA) werelabeled with 99mTc(CO)3 using an IsoLink kit (Covidien), andeach formed 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) tracer was co-injected with131I-OIH into healthy human subjects followed by sequentialimaging, plasma clearance measurements and timed urinecollection. Plasma protein binding, red cell uptake and percentinjected dose in the urine were determined. Urine from eachgroup of volunteers was analyzed for metabolites by HPLC. Results Image quality was excellent with all three agents. Each 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) preparation was excreted unchangedin the urine. The plasma clearance ratio(99mTc(CO)3(ASMA)/131I-OIH) was 81±3 % for D-ASMAcompared to only 20±4 % for L-ASMA and 37±7 % for rac-ASMA; the 81%clearance ratio for D-ASMA isomer is still∼30 % higher than the 99mTc-MAG3/131I-OIH clearance ratio(∼50-60 %). Red cell uptake was similar for all three tracers(6-9 %), and all tracers had a relatively rapid renal excretion;at 3 h, the 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA)/131I-OIH urine ratio was 100±3%for D-ASMA, 80±2%for L-ASMA and 88±1%for rac-ASMA. Conclusions The renal excretion characteristics of99mTc(CO)3(D-ASMA) in humans are superior to those ofthe other two 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) isomers studied, but arestill inferior to 131I-OIH, even though there was no differencein the clearance of two of 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) isomers and131I-OIH in rats. The work described here demonstrates thes e n s i t i v i t y i n i n vivo biologi c a l behavior of99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) isomers to their subtle structuraldifferences.
Moss, Jennifer,Tinline-Purvis, Helen,Walker, Carol A,Folkes, Lisa K,Stratford, Michael R,Hayles, Jacqueline,Hoe, Kwang-Lae,Kim, Dong-Uk,Park, Han-Oh,Kearsey, Stephen E,Fleck, Oliver,Holmberg, Christia Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in association with 2010 Genes & development Vol.24 No.23
<P>Nucleotide synthesis is a universal response to DNA damage, but how this response facilitates DNA repair and cell survival is unclear. Here we establish a role for DNA damage-induced nucleotide synthesis in homologous recombination (HR) repair in fission yeast. Using a genetic screen, we found the Ddb1-Cul4(Cdt2) ubiquitin ligase complex and ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) to be required for HR repair of a DNA double-strand break (DSB). The Ddb1-Cul4(Cdt2) ubiquitin ligase complex is required for degradation of Spd1, an inhibitor of RNR in fission yeast. Accordingly, deleting spd1(+) suppressed the DNA damage sensitivity and the reduced HR efficiency associated with loss of ddb1(+) or cdt2(+). Furthermore, we demonstrate a role for nucleotide synthesis in postsynaptic gap filling of resected ssDNA ends during HR repair. Finally, we define a role for Rad3 (ATR) in nucleotide synthesis and HR through increasing Cdt2 nuclear levels in response to DNA damage. Our findings support a model in which break-induced Rad3 and Ddb1-Cul4(Cdt2) ubiquitin ligase-dependent Spd1 degradation and RNR activation promotes postsynaptic ssDNA gap filling during HR repair.</P>