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Changes in the affordability of 4-year public higher education in China during massification
Shuhua Liu,Enhao Wang,Xuyan Wang 서울대학교 교육연구소 2021 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.22 No.2
This study investigates how the affordability of 4-year public higher-education tuition in China changed during the massification period. To conduct an in-depth analysis, this paper examines a wide range of data from the National Bureau of Statistics and adopts a series of measurement indicators, including average tuition as a percentage of per-capita GDP, its share in per-capita disposable income and family savings, and its ratio to financial aid. First, this study concludes that during massification, college affordability rapidly declined and then continuously increased. While for a significant majority of Chinese families college tuition is not an unbearable financial burden, it remains expensive for households in the lowest-income quintile. Second, this paper sheds light on the gap in residents’ ability to pay higher-education tuition between urban and rural areas, different regions, and different income groups. It finds a rapid widening in the gap in these dimensions during the early years of massification, which in recent years has gradually narrowed. Indeed, the mode of Chinese higher education has quickly transformed from “high tuition and low aid” to “low tuition and high aid.”
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Yuqiang Han,Qinghua Que,Ran Cheng,Ran Cheng,Chunfa Lin,Wenqing Han,Enhao Wang,Junyi Zhu,Haoran Yan 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.10
In present work, a novel SiCfreinforced (Al3Ti + Al3Ni)-based metallic–intermetallic laminate (Ti–(Al3Ti + Al3Ni)/SiCf-MIL) composite without centerline defect was prepared using Ti, Al foils, NiTi wires and SiC fibers by vacuum hot pressingsintering method. Electron backscatter diffraction was employed to characterize the microstructure and phase constituents ofTi–(Al3Ti + Al3Ni)/SiCf-MIL composite during various stages of preparation process. The elimination mechanism of intermetalliccenterline was discussed. Besides, quasi-static compressive performance and fracture toughness of the synthesizedcomposite were investigated. The experimental results indicated that as reaction time increasing, the NiTi/Al interfacialreaction occurred prior to the Ti/Al interfacial reaction to form an Al3Ti/Al3Ni zone. Then, the oxides gathered at the frontof Ti/Al interfacial reaction layer were dispersed in the intermetallic layer rather than being pushed together to generate thecenterline due to the Al3Ti/Al3Ni zone. After reaction, there were no residual NiTi phases and intermetallic layers mainlyconsisting of Al3Tiand Al3Niphases were obtained in this composite. In addition, high angle grain boundaries in Al3Tigrains occupied a large proportion, conversely, low angle grain boundaries dominated in Al3Nigrains. Furthermore, stressconcentration appears at the interface between layers instead of along the middle plane of intermetallic layer. Moreover,both compressive strength and fracture toughness of the composite are superior in comparison with SiCfreinforced Ti–Al3Timetallic–intermetallic laminate composite (Ti–Al3Ti/SiCf-MIL) ascribed to the elimination of centerline.
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