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이후경,손기호,민일기,신완균,최경업,서옥경 韓國病院藥師會 2004 병원약사회지 Vol.21 No.1
Hospital drug formulary is a continually revised compilation of pharmaceuticals, reflecting the current clinical judgement of medical staffs. This study was conducted to evaluate the appropriateness of hospital formulary in Korea. Out of 113 hospitals with more than 400 beds, 20 hospitals published formularies in 2002. Fifteen hospital formularies out of 20 were obtained for evaluation. Hospitals being surveyed were categorized by the number of beds(greater than 700 beds vs. 400~699 beds) and by the type of hospital(tertiary vs. acute care hospital). The criteria for formulary content and organization suggested by American Society of Health System Pharmacist(ASHP) was modified and applied. Drugs were categorized based on both the drug classifications suggested by Ministry of Health and Welfare and Drug Facts and Comparisons. Formularies were revised annually or biannually in 51 out of 113 hospitals(45.2%). Of 15 hospitals studied, 8 were tertiary hospitals(53%) and 7 had greater than 700 beds. Information on organizational policies and procedures concerning drugs and using the formulary were provided in all 15 hospitals. However, restrictions on drug use and procedures for requesting a drug to be added to the formulary were included in only one hospital. Drug products were listed alphabetically by generic name in all 15 hospitals. Generic name of the drug, dosage form(s), strength(s), packing(s), size(s) and formulation(active ingredient) of a combination product, and drug classification number were provided in all 15 hospitals. Among special information, comparison of amino acid solutions, skin tests, stability of antineoplastic and antibiotic agents, pediatric dosing, and pregnancy categories were included in more 50% of the hospitals. However, the number of drugs in the formularies from Korean hospitals were higher than those from other countries. Evaluation of hospital formulary was attempted for the first time in Korea and this could be applied as a guideline to the hospitals preparing formulary publication and update. Also, the selection of items to be included in the formulary should be based on objective evaluation of their relative therapeutic merits, safety, and cost.
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Lehua Cheng,Dongrui Yu,Enzhu Hu,Yuchao Tang,Kunhong Hu,Karl David Dearn,Xianguo Hu,Min Wang 한국탄소학회 2018 Carbon Letters Vol.26 No.-
An electroless deposition method was used to modify the surface properties of rice husk ceramic particles (RHC) by depositing nano-nickel on the surface of the RHC (Ni-RHC). The dry tribological performances of aluminum matrix composite adobes containing different contents of RHC and Ni-RHC particles have been investigated using a micro-tribometer. Results showed that the Ni–RHC particles substantially improved both the friction and wear properties of the Ni-RHC/aluminum matrix adobes. The optimal concentration was determined to be 15 wt% for both the RHC and Ni–RHC particles. The improvements in the tribological properties of aluminum adobes including the Ni-RHC were ascribed to frictioninduced peeling off of Ni coating and formation of protection layer on the wear zone, both of which led to low friction and wear volume.
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High-resolution tunnelling spectroscopy of a graphene quartet
Song, Young Jae,Otte, Alexander F.,Kuk, Young,Hu, Yike,Torrance, David B.,First, Phillip N.,de Heer, Walt A.,Min, Hongki,Adam, Shaffique,Stiles, Mark D.,MacDonald, Allan H.,Stroscio, Joseph A. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2010 Nature Vol.467 No.7312
Electrons in a single sheet of graphene behave quite differently from those in traditional two-dimensional electron systems. Like massless relativistic particles, they have linear dispersion and chiral eigenstates. Furthermore, two sets of electrons centred at different points in reciprocal space (??valleys??) have this dispersion, giving rise to valley degeneracy. The symmetry between valleys, together with spin symmetry, leads to a fourfold quartet degeneracy of the Landau levels, observed as peaks in the density of states produced by an applied magnetic field. Recent electron transport measurements have observed the lifting of the fourfold degeneracy in very large applied magnetic fields, separating the quartet into integer and, more recently, fractional levels. The exact nature of the broken-symmetry states that form within the Landau levels and lift these degeneracies is unclear at present and is a topic of intense theoretical debate. Here we study the detailed features of the four quantum states that make up a degenerate graphene Landau level. We use high-resolution scanning tunnelling spectroscopy at temperatures as low as 10??mK in an applied magnetic field to study the top layer of multilayer epitaxial graphene. When the Fermi level lies inside the fourfold Landau manifold, significant electron correlation effects result in an enhanced valley splitting for even filling factors, and an enhanced electron spin splitting for odd filling factors. Most unexpectedly, we observe states with Landau level filling factors of 7/2, 9/2 and 11/2, suggestive of new many-body states in graphene.
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Choon Jin Ooi,Ida Hilmi,Rupa Banerjee,Sai Wei Chuah,Siew Chien Ng,Govind K Makharia,Pises Pisespongsa,Min Hu Chen,Zhi Hua Ran,Byong Duk Ye,Dong Il Park,Khoon Lin Ling,David Ong,Vineet Ahuja,Khean Lee 대한장연구학회 2019 Intestinal Research Vol.17 No.3
The Asia-Pacific Working Group on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was established in Cebu, Philippines, under the auspices of the Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology with the goal of improving IBD care in Asia. This consensus is carried out in collaboration with Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis. With biologic agents and biosimilars becoming more established, it is necessary to conduct a review on existing literature and establish a consensus on when and how to introduce biologic agents and biosimilars in the conjunction with conventional treatments for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) in Asia. These statements also address how pharmacogenetics influence the treatments of UC and CD and provide guidance on response monitoring and strategies to restore loss of response. Finally, the review includes statements on how to manage treatment alongside possible hepatitis B and tuberculosis infections, both common in Asia. These statements have been prepared and voted upon by members of IBD workgroup employing the modified Delphi process. These statements do not intend to be all-encompassing and future revisions are likely as new data continue to emerge.
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