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Analúcia D. Schliemann,David W. Carraher,Anne Goodrow,Mary C. Caddle,Megan Porter 대한수학교육학회 2022 수학교육학연구 Vol.32 No.3
Recent research shows that young students can engage in algebraic reasoning before their first course in algebra. However, the extent to which elementary school children can develop proficiency with algebraic notation and procedures is still unclear. We analyzed fifth grade students’ ability to represent and solve verbal problems using equations with variables on both sides of the equal sign, interrelate algebraic and graphical representations of the problem, and realize that values other than the solution would lead to inequalities. From third to fifth grade, students from a Boston, MA, USA public school participated in weekly lessons based on a functional approach to arithmetic and algebra. Lessons involved verbal, algebraic, tabular, and graphical representations of functions. In grade four, they solved word problems using variables, data tables, and Cartesian graphs to compare functions. By grade five they were introduced to standard procedures to solve equations. In written assessments in fifth grade, approximately two-thirds of participating students (a) compared the graphs of two functions in an equation; (b) identified the point in the Cartesian plane where the two functions were equal, (c) represented a word problem as an equation with a variable on both sides of the equal sign. Approximately half of the students solved the equation and noted that values other than the solution would lead to inequalities. In a follow up interview, more students found the correct solution to the equation and nearly half of those gave valid explanations about the meaning of the solution
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Preclinical pharmacology of a lipophenol in a mouse model of light-induced retinopathy
Taveau Nicolas,Cubizolle Aurélie,Guillou Laurent,Pinquier Nicolas,Moine Espérance,Cia David,Kalatzis Vasiliki,Vercauteren Joseph,Durand Thierry,Crauste Céline,Brabet Philippe 생화학분자생물학회 2020 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.52 No.-
Environmental light has deleterious effects on the outer retina in human retinopathies, such as ABCA4-related Stargardt’s disease and dry age-related macular degeneration. These effects involve carbonyl and oxidative stress, which contribute to retinal cell death and vision loss. Here, we used an albino Abca4−/− mouse model, the outer retina of which shows susceptibility to acute photodamage, to test the protective efficacy of a new polyunsaturated fatty acid lipophenol derivative. Anatomical and functional analyses demonstrated that a single intravenous injection of isopropyl-phloroglucinol-DHA, termed IP-DHA, dose-dependently decreased light-induced photoreceptor degeneration and preserved visual sensitivity. This protective effect persisted for 3 months. IP-DHA did not affect the kinetics of the visual cycle in vivo or the activity of the RPE65 isomerase in vitro. Moreover, IP-DHA administered by oral gavage showed significant protection of photoreceptors against acute light damage. In conclusion, short-term tests in Abca4-deficient mice, following single-dose administration and light exposure, identify IP-DHA as a therapeutic agent for the prevention of retinal degeneration.
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