TmSR-C, scavenger receptor class C, plays a pivotal role in antifungal and antibacterial immunity in the coleopteran insect Tenebrio molitor

Kim, S.G.,Jo, Y.H.,Seong, J.H.,Park, K.B.,Noh, M.Y.,Cho, J.H.,Ko, H.J.,Kim, C.E.,Tindwa, H.,Patnaik, B.B.,Bang, I.S.,Lee, Y.S.,Han, Y.S. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2017 Insect biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.89 No.-

Scavenger receptors (SRs) constitute a family of membrane-bound receptors that bind to multiple ligands. The SR family of proteins is involved in removing cellular debris, oxidized low-density lipoproteins, and pathogens. Specifically, class C scavenger receptors (SR-C) have also been reported to be involved in phagocytosis of gram-positive and -negative bacteria in Drosophila and viruses in shrimp. However, reports are unavailable regarding the role of SR-C in antifungal immune mechanisms in insects. In this study, a full-length Tenebrio molitor SR-C (TmSR-C) sequence was obtained by 5'- and 3'-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR). The TmSR-C full-length cDNA comprised 1671 bp with 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of 23- and 107-bp, respectively. TmSR-C encodes a putative protein of 556 amino acid residues that is constitutively expressed in all tissues of late instar larvae and 2-day-old adults, with the highest transcript levels observed in hemocytes of larvae and adults. TmSR-C mRNA showed a 2.5-fold and 3-fold increase at 24 and 6 h after infection with Candida albicans and β-glucan, respectively. Immunoassay with TmSR-C polyclonal antibody showed induction of the putative protein in the cytosols of hemocytes at 3 h after inoculation of C. albicans. RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing and phagocytosis assays were used to understand the role of TmSR-C in antifungal immunity. Silencing of TmSR-C transcripts reduced the survivability of late instar larvae at 2 days post-inoculation of C. albicans, Escherichia coli, or Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, in TmSR-C-silenced larvae, there was a decline in the rate of microorganism phagocytosis. Taken together, results of this study suggest that TmSR-C plays a pivotal role in phagocytosing not only fungi but also gram-negative and -positive bacteria in T. molitor.

SIGN-R1, a C-type lectin, enhances apoptotic cell clearance through the complement deposition pathway by interacting with C1q in the spleen

Prabagar, M G,Do, Y,Ryu, S,Park, J-Y,Choi, H-J,Choi, W-S,Yun, T J,Moon, J,Choi, I-S,Ko, K,Ko, K,Young Shin, C,Cheong, C,Kang, Y-S Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013 Cell death and differentiation Vol.20 No.4

Complements, such as C1q and C3, and macrophages in the splenic marginal zone (MZMs) play pivotal roles in the efficient uptake and processing of circulating apoptotic cells. SIGN-R1, a C-type lectin that is highly expressed in a subpopulation of MZMs, regulates the complement fixation pathway by interacting with C1q, to fight blood-borne Streptococcus pneumoniae. Therefore, we examined whether the SIGN-R1-mediated classical complement pathway plays a role in apoptotic cell clearance and immune tolerance. SIGN-R1 first-bound apoptotic cells and this binding was significantly enhanced in the presence of C1q. SIGN-R1–C1q complex then immediately mediated C3 deposition on circulating apoptotic cells in the MZ, leading to the efficient clearance of them. SIGN-R1-mediated C3 deposition was completely abolished in the spleen of SIGN-R1 knockout (KO) mice. Given that SIGN-R1 is not expressed in the liver, we were struck by the finding that C3-deposited apoptotic cells were still found in the liver of wild-type mice, and dramatically reduced in the SIGN-R1 KO liver. In particular, SIGN-R1 deficiency caused delayed clearance of apoptotic cells and aberrant secretion of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β in the spleen as well as in the liver. In addition, anti-double- and single-stranded DNA antibody level was significantly increased in SIGN-R1-depleted mice compared with control mice. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of apoptotic cell clearance which is initiated by SIGN-R1 in the MZ and identify an integrated role of SIGN-R1 in the systemic clearance of apoptotic cells, linking the recognition of apoptotic cells, the opsonization of complements, and the induction of immune tolerance.

SIGN-R1, a C-type lectin, enhances apoptotic cell clearance through the complement deposition pathway by interacting with C1q in the spleen

MG Prabagar,Y Do,S Ryu,J-Y Park,H-J Choi,W-S Choi,TJ Yun,J Moon,I-S Choi,K Ko,K Ko,C Young Shin,C Cheong,Y-S Kang 한국당과학회 2013 한국당과학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.1

Complements, such as C1q and C3, and macrophages in the splenic marginal zone (MZMs) play pivotal roles in the efficient uptake and processing of circulating apoptotic cells. SIGN-R1, a C-type lectin that is highly expressed in a subpopulation of MZMs, regulates the complement fixation pathway by interacting with C1q, to fight blood-borne Streptococcus pneumoniae. Therefore, we examined whether the SIGN-R1-mediated classical complement pathway plays a role in apoptotic cell clearance and immune tolerance. SIGN-R1 first-bound apoptotic cells and this binding was significantly enhanced in the presence of C1q. SIGN-R1-C1q complex then immediately mediated C3 deposition on circulating apoptotic cells in the MZ, leading to the efficient clearance of them. SIGN-R1-mediated C3 deposition was completely abolished in the spleen of SIGN-R1 knockout (KO) mice. Given that SIGN-R1 is not expressed in the liver, we were struck by the finding that C3-deposited apoptotic cells were still found in the liver of wild-type mice, and dramatically reduced in the SIGN-R1 KO liver. In particular, SIGN-R1 deficiency caused delayed clearance of apoptotic cells and aberrant secretion of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β in the spleen as well as in the liver. In addition, anti-double- and single-stranded DNA antibody level was significantly increased in SIGN-R1-depleted mice compared with control mice. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of apoptotic cell clearance which is initiated by SIGN-R1 in the MZ and identify an integrated role of SIGN-R1 in the systemic clearance of apoptotic cells, linking the recognition of apoptotic cells, the opsonization of complements, and the induction of immune tolerance.

Chlortetracycline 과 비닐포장처리에 의한 토육의 상온저장시험

이용빈,송계원,고준수 한국축산학회 1965 한국축산학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The shelf-life of cony meat was studied out in this experiment. After the rabbit dressed out, the meat was treated with 10 p.p.m. Chlortetracycline (C.T.C.) solution and packed with polyethylene. The samples were taken from the muscle of the rump and the round. We allotted eight treatments: That is, two temperature levels (5℃ and 20℃) that have two treatments: Control and C.T.C.-Treated. And each treatment of each temperature levels has two treatments, Control and Packed with Polyethylene. The items investigated are the change of the number of microorganisms, pH, and methylene blue reducing time. The results are as follows: 1. Effectively, C.T.C. suppressed the increasing of microorganisms of cony meat during the storage. And there was highly significant difference at 1.0% level in the C.T.C.-Treated meats on the Ist day of storage. The number of microorganism reached 10^8 per gram in 20℃-Control by the 2nd day of storage and 10^8 per gram by the 7th day of storage. 2. The increasing of yeasts was apparent in 20℃-C.T.C.-Treated on the 5th and 6th day of storage. And on the 7th day of storage, molds were also found. 3. Polyethylene packing was effective (significant at 5.0%) on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th day of storage in 5℃-Control, and on the 2nd, 3rd day of storage in 20℃-C.T.C.-Treated. 4. The pH of cony meat during storage was lower in 20℃-C.T.C.-Treated by the 4th day of storage than in 5℃-Control, but after 5th day of storage, the pH of meat. was increased rapidly. 5. The C.T.C. treatment has a more strong effect upon the change of pH of cony meat than the polyethylene packing throughout the storage. And the effect of the temperature was greater than that of C.T.C.-Treatment. 6. C.T.C.-Treatment has shorten methylene blue reducing time than control (significant at 1.0%). And the methylene blue reducing time of 20℃-C.T.C.-Treated was similart to that of 5℃-Control all throughout the experiment period. 7. Polyethylene packing has an effect upon the methylene blue reducing time on the 3rd, 4th day of storage (significant at 5.0%). In the testing of L.S.D., there was no significant differences throughout the period.

Investigation on silicon alloying kinetics during lithiation by galvanostatic impedance spectroscopy

Ko, Y.,Hwang, C.,Song, H.K. Elsevier Sequoia 2016 Journal of Power Sources Vol.315 No.-

The parameters characterizing lithiation processes in silicon anodes of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are compared between μm- and nm-sized silicon particles. Galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (GS-EIS) is used to investigate the silicon-lithium alloying reaction in a practical charging operation (galvanostatic lithiation). Effective kinetic parameters depending on lithiation C-rates are obtained along lithiation progress from a large body of impedance data. Nanosizing benefits of nanoparticles over micro-particles are confirmed such as lower polarization resistance (R<SUB>p</SUB>) and thinner solid-electrolyte interphase layer (SEI layer) over the whole lithiation range. Based on the kinetic information obtained from the non-stationary conditions, a lithiation strategy consisting of multiple galvanostatic steps is designed to lithiate silicon anodes in a faster way. 75% of full capacity is lithiated by a galvanostatic sequence of 4C-2C-1C-0.5C within 20 min. However, only 43% and 21% are achieved by a single-rate galvanostatic lithiation at 1 C and 0.5 C, respectively.

Pusillimonas caeni sp. nov., isolated from a sludge sample of a biofilm reactor

Jin, L.,Ko, S. R.,Cui, Y.,Lee, C. S.,Oh, H. M.,Ahn, C. Y.,Lee, H. G. Kluwer Academic Publishers [etc.] 2017 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Vol.110 No.1

<P>A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on strain EBR-8-1(T) isolated from a biofilm reactor in Korea. The cells of the strain were Gram-stain negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile, and short rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of this strain with Betaproteobacteria, which showed high pairwise sequence similarities with Pusillimonas noertemannii BN9(T) (99.1 %), Pusillimonas soli MJ07(T) (97.3 %), Pusillimonas ginsengisoli DCY25(T) (97.2 %), and Pusillimonas harenae B201(T) (96.8 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain formed a clear phylogenetic lineage within the genus Pusillimonas. The major fatty acids were identified as C-16:0, C-17:0 cyclo and C-19:0 cyclo omega 8c. The major cellular polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminolipid. The respiratory quinone was identified as Q-8 and the genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 63.3 mol%. On the basis of polyphasic evidence, it is proposed that strain EBR-8-1(T) should be placed in a new species, Pusillimonas caeni sp. nov. The type stain is EBR-8-1(T) (=KCTC 42353(T) = JCM 30463(T)).</P>

哺乳動物 卵胞卵의 琉璃化凍結後 FDA-test에 의한 生存性 判定

康珉秀,張德支,梁柄哲,金重桂,高敬來,高赫辰 제주대학교 방사능이용연구소 1995 연구보고 Vol.9 No.-

本 實驗은 琉璃化凍結 融解된 포유동물 卵胞卵의 生存性을 FDA-test에 의한 판정을 규명하기 위하여 실행되었으며 Oocytes는 卵丘細胞의 부착 상태에 따라 3 group 분류하였다. A oocyte는 卵丘細胞가 밀착되어 부착된 것(tight oocytes)이며 B oocyte는 卵丘細胞가 部分的으로 부착된 것(partial oocytes) 그리고 C oocyte는 卵丘細胞가 빈약하게 부착된 것(poor oocytes)이다. 琉璃化 凍結液은 1992년 金 등에 의한 연구에서 개발된 것으로서 glycerol 20 %, ethylene glycol, 10%, Ficoll 30% 와 sucrose 10% 로 구성되어 있다. Oocyte(7-10)는 10분의 평형시간을 경과한 후 0.25 ㎖ straw에 넣어 상온에서 직접 액체질소 container(-196℃)에 침지시켜 동결을 완료시켰다. 凍結融解한 A 그룹 난자의 FDA-score는 rat(4.2)에서 rabbit(3.9), cow(3.8), mouse(3.4)와 porcine(2.4)보다 높았지만 cumulus cell의 경우는 rabbit(4.7)에서 rat(4.1), cow(2.9), porcine(2.6)과 mouse(1.4)보다 높았다. 凍結融解한 B 그룹 난자들의 FDA-score는 각각 3.1(cow), 2.9(rabbit), 2.9(mouse), 2.6(rat) 그리고 2.5(porcine)이였다. 하지만 cumulus cell의 경우는 rabbit(3.7)에서 porcine(2.6), rat(2.3), cow(1.7) and mouse(0.3)보다 높았다. 凍結融解한 C 그룹 난자의 FDA-score는 mouse(4.1)에서 cow(2.9), rabbit(2.6), rat(1.3)과 porcine(1.1)에서 보다 높았다. 以上의 結果에서 mouse를 제외하고 일반적으로 난포난의 琉璃化 凍結融解 후 group A의 난자가 group B와 C에서 난자보다 生存率이 높았으며 FDA-test를 하였을 때 oocytes는 물론 cumulus cell에서도 발광을 나타내어 卵丘細胞의 생존판정여부를 확인할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. This experiment was carried out to study the determination of survival of vitrified and thawed mammal follicular oocytes by FDA-test. Oocytes were divided into 3 groups according to attachment of cumulus cell. Group A oocytes were tightly surrounded by cumulus cell, group B oocytes were partially surrounded by cumulus cell, and group C oocytes were poorly surrounded by cumulus cell. Vitrification solution developed by our previous study (Kim et al, 1992) which consisted of permeable agent (20% glycerol + 10 % ethylene glycol) and nonpermeable agent (30 % Ficoll + 10 % sucrose). Oocytes (7-10) loaded into 0.25 ㎖ straw after 10 min equilibration were plunged into liquid nitrogen (-196℃) directly. The FDA-score of vitrified and thawed group A oocytes was higher in rat (4.2) than in rabbit (3.9), cow(3.8), mouse (3.4) and porcine(2.4), however that of cumulus cell was higher in rabbit (4.7) than in rat (4.1), cow(2.9), porcine(2.6) and mouse (1.4). The FDA-score of vitrified and thawed group B oocytes were 3.1(cow), 2.9 (rabbit), 2.9 (mouse), 2.6 (rat) and 2.5(porcine), respectively. However that of cumulus cell was higher in rabbit (3.7) than in porcine(2.6), rat(2.3), cow(1.7) and mouse(0.3). The FDA-score of vitrified and thawed group C oocytes was higher in mouse (4.1) than in cow(2.9), rabbit(2.6), rat(1.3) and porcine(1.1). As shown in the above results, The survival rates of oocytes were higher in group A than in group B and C except in mouse and cow. These results suggest that the survival of cumulus cell as well as follicular oocytes can be reliably judged by their fluorescence with FDA-test.

The Effect of Saturated Fatty Acids on Cellulose Digestion by the Rumen Anaerobic Fungus, Neocallimatix frontalis C5-1

Ha, J.K.,Lee, S.S.,Gao, Z.,Kim, C.-H.,Kim, S.W.,Ko, Jong Y.,Cheng, K.-J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.7

The effects of various concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFA; caprylic, capric and stearic acids) on the growth of the anaerobic fungus, Neocallimastix frontalis C5-1 isolated from the rumen of a Korean native goat were investigated. At higher concentrations of fatty acids (0.1%, w/v), the addition of SFA strongly decreased filter paper (FP) cellulose digestion and polysaccharide-degrading enzyme activity. The sensitivity of the rumen anaerobic fungus to the added fatty acids increased in the following order: caprylic ($C_{8:0}$)>capric($C_{10:0}$)>stearic($C_{18:0}$) acid, although stearic acid had no significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effects at any of the concentrations tested. However, the addition of SFA at lower concentrations (0.01 and 0.001% levels), did not inhibit FP cellulose degradation and enzyme activity. Furthermore, although these parameters were slightly stimulated by the addition of SFA, they were not statistically different from control values. This is the first report examining the effects of fatty acids on anaerobic gut fungi. We found that the lower levels of fatty acids used in this experiment were able to stimulate the growth and specific enzyme activities of rumen anaerobic fungi, whereas the higher levels of fatty acids were inhibitory with respect to fungal cellulolysis.

食品中 有害性 微量金屬에 對한 硏究

高仁錫,盧晶倍,宋哲,權赫姬,金吉生,延圭奉,兪炳天 國立保健硏究院 1973 국립보건연구원보 Vol.10 No.-

韓國産大麻의 性分에 관한 硏究 (第2報)

高旺鎭,李昌紀,張暎京,金炯局,柳弘一 國立保健硏究院 1971 국립보건연구원보 Vol.8 No.-