On the Effects of Economic Integration on Greenfield Investments and Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions Location Pattern

( Olivier Bertrand ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2005 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.20 No.1

This paper investigates the linkages between economic integration and horizontal Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) location. In a three-country partial equilibrium model with differentiated Cournot and Bertrand competition, we incorporate the two main FDI modes: Greenfield Investment (G.I.) and crossborder Merger and Acquisition (M&A). We also allow regionally-based firms to invest outside the regional area. Economic integration characterized by internal and external transaction costs may affect entry modes (G.I. vs. M&A) and its location (intra - extra regional flows). Our findings suggest the existence of complex linkages between economic integration and FDI location pattern depending simultaneously on set-up fixed costs, the competitive mode of market interaction and the product differentiation. However, the role of cross-border M&A as well as the importance of FDI outflows from the regional area is highlighted.

STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP MORTGAGE MARKETS IN LIBERALIZING ECONOMIES

Bertrand Renaud 주택산업연구원 1996 발간자료 Vol.1996 No.1

Uberizing Regulators?

Bertrand du Marais 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2016 경제규제와 법 Vol.9 No.2

This paper tries to answer the question: “Is ‘Uberisation’ the end of economic regulation?” This paper start by reminding that specific features of the IT industries and of digital economics - huge positive economy of scale and two sided markets - lead to spontaneous monopolization. Another important patterns of the “digital revolution” 1.0 and 2.0 political economy is the combination of the applets revolution and the Great Recession, which has caused a lasting shift into a new economic paradigm that we call “Yard sale economy” and implied a profound distrust into public agencies and regulation. The Great Recession is thus bolstering the important and lasting changes in paradigm brought by technology. It gives full effect to economic regulation and regulators’ Uberisation by Internet 2.0 – more disruptive than the Internet 1.0 – through the new paradigm of “peer production economy” or “sharing economy”, sometime also called from a derogatory point of view “Uberisation”. As a case study, the reaction to Uber deployment in France demonstrates that Uberisation does not mean the end of public regulation even if it makes large public investment policies rather obsolete. Uberisation challenges traditional public regulation of professions as long as this regulation’s goal is to build trust thanks to command and control traditional regulation. Be that as it may, Uberisation lets some room for platform public regulation as has been drafted in the French recent “Digital Republic act”. In order to enforce at the international level these national legislations, the 2000 “LICRA v. Yahoo!” case hints at a combination of traditional court enforcement with international opinion digital campaign. All these elements call for “intelligent regulation”, a new regulatory paradigm based on pragmatic innovation-friendly regulation.

독일통일과 유럽연합 그리고 형성중인 법질서상의 국가의 개념과 민주주의 원칙(리) 확(정)립의 난제

Bertrand Mathieu 한국공법학회 2010 公法硏究 Vol.39 No.2

Net Neutrality in France: an overview

Bertrand du Marais 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2014 경제규제와 법 Vol.7 No.1

Net neutrality has brought about a very active debate in France since 2010. The current legal framework pertaining to this crucial issue for the future of the Internet very much reflects the multiplication of regulators and courts involved in the telecommunications and Internet regulation. ARCEP, the Sector regulator has of course been the most heavily involved since it issued its 2010 “Ten proposals”. Compared to the Korean KCC guidelines, these proposals follow the same goal but with a larger scope, a much more detailed and “hands on” approach. Since then, ARCEP has started to implement some of its monitoring mechanisms with the support of the courts, especially the French Council of State. Net neutrality has also been dealt with by the French Competition Authority in the Cogent vs. France Telecom case, the first case of abuse of dominant power filed against a telecommunications operator by a content provider. Constitutional values are also at stake, since the Constitutional council has been ruling since 2009 that access to the Internet is a key element to effectively implement Freedom of speech. In this complicated legal framework, the Executive - rather critical against ARCEP policy - and the Legislative ? more proactive ? are postponing the preparation of a draft Bill. As a conclusion, this article demonstrates the activism and independence of the sector regulator, and the necessity to broaden Net neutrality to activities beyond data transport, such as device neutrality and search engine neutrality. Finally, it favours lasting regulation given the economics inherent to data transport.

규제기관의 우버(Uber)화

Bertrand du Marais,윤상필(역),임지훈(역),권헌영(역) 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2016 경제규제와 법 Vol.9 No.2

“우버화(Uberisation)”는 과연 경제규제의 종말을 가져올 것인가? 본 고는 이러한 질문에 답하고자 IT산업과 디지털 경제의 특징인 ‘규모의 경제’와 ‘양면 시장’이 자발적으로 형성하고 있는 독점구조를 지적하며 논의를 시작하고 있다. “디지털 혁명” 1.0과 2.0 정치 경제는 공공기관 및 규제에 대한 불신과 더불어 이른바 “마당 경제(Yard sale economy)”로 등판한 애플릿 혁명과 대불황을 야기하였고, 이러한 경제 구조의 변화와 경기 침체는 기술로 인한 패러 다임의 변화를 이끌어 내고 있다. 이는 다시 새로운 패러다임으로서 이른바 “우버화”로 풍자되며, 인터넷 2.0에 의한 “공유 경제(sharing economy)”와 “동료 생산 경제(peer production economy)”를 통해 기존의 규제기관과 그 경제규제의 양상에 지대한 영향을 미치고 있다. 프랑스에서의 우버 사업 정착 사례는 우버화가 대규모 공공 투자 정책을 무의미하게 전락시키더라도 공공규제의 종말을 의미하는 것은 아님을 증명하고 있다. 결국 우버화라는 새로운 경제 패러다임은 명령과 통제를 수단으로 신뢰를 구축하고자 하는 기존의 규제에 중대한 도전을 던져주고 있는 것이다. 이러한 맥락에서 우버화는 최근 프랑스 “디지털 공화국법(Digital Republic Act)”의 초안을 통해 플랫폼에 대한 명령과 통제로써의 규제가 아닌 공공의 의견이 크게 대변된 규제의 양상을 도입하고 있다. 2000년 “LICRA v. Yahoo!” 판례의 경우 미국과 영국을 대표로 Yahoo 플랫폼에 대한 국제적 불매운동이 이루어져, 해당 불매운동이 법원의 명령에 결정적인 영향을 미쳤던 바 있다. 결국 우버화라는 경제 구조의 혁신적 변화를 통해 경제 규제 또한 혁신 친화적 규제로 변화하며 이른바 “지능형 규제(Intelligent regulation)”가 요구되고 있는 것이다.

French fashion and textile during COVID‑19. Once again, flying to high quality and innovation to survive

Bertrand Blancheton 한국의류학회 2021 Fashion and Textiles Vol.8 No.1

This article studies the consequences of the COVID-19 global health crisis on the fashion and textile industry in France. This crisis is only part of an already long, slow decline in the industry. The paper analyzes the composition and organization of textile industry. It ofers data related to: sales, consumption, employees, company size, as well as imports and exports - all highlighting the importance of fashion and textiles in France today. The paper shows how lockdown has asphyxiated production and retail sales. COVID-19 caused the appearance of new challenges: mask production, new aspects of CSR in luxury textiles and the development of antiviral fabrics. Mask production can be considered as a case study useful in the analysis of textile challenges. In this context, the French textile industry should continue to improve on innovation and quality. Promoting labelling on the global market can help the sector to develop its high-end. France is credible to expanding its fashion and textile supply in luxury

Urbanization in Korea: Problems and Prospects

BERTRAND M. RENAUD The Academy of Korean Studies 1971 Korea Journal Vol.11 No.7

REML 과 Gibbs Sampling 방법을 이용한 한우의 도체형질에 대한 유전모수 추정치 비교

Bertrand, J. K.,이득환 한국동물자원과학회 2001 한국축산학회지 Vol.43 No.1

Heritability and genetic correlations for carcass traits in Korean cattle(Hanwoo) were estimated using REML algorithm and Bayesian inference via Gibbs sampling on age-constant basis and weight-constant basis and those estimates were compared between different models and different algorithms. Those parameter estimates with REML were similar to means and median for distribution of estimates in post-Gibbs analysis. For estimating those parameters using Gibbs sampling, 1500 estimates by each parameter were retained and used among 30,000 samples to avoid each two adjacent samples to be correlated after $quot;burn-in$quot; period of 2000 cycles were discarded. The little bit difference between estimates by REML and those by Gibbs sampling might be due to effective number of samples, so some more samples should be needed to get close to true values. Heritability estimates on weight-constant basis as that carcass weights were adjusted were little bit greater than age-constant basis as that age at slaughter were adjusted as covariate. This result indicated that genetic variation for carcass traits based on weight-constant might be larger than that based on age-constant so that for selecting bull for improving meat quality, breeding values based on weight-basis might be better than those based on age-constant basis. Heritability estimates for carcass traits from single trait analyses were similar with those from multiple trait analyses. The estimates of heritabilities were .21∼.22, .30∼35, .33∼.49, .31∼.38, and .34∼.40 for carcass weight, dressing percentage, longissimus muscle area, backfat depth and marbling score, respectively. Further study was needed for estimates of genetic parameters on marbling score using another methods like threshold model which is a kind of methodology on augmentation of non-observable variables under the normal distribution because the observations of marbling score seemed to be not normal distribution.

프랑스의 망중립성: 개관

Bertrand du Marais,나성현(번역자) 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2014 경제규제와 법 Vol.7 No.1

2010년 이후 프랑스에서는 망중립성 논쟁이 매우 활발히 진행되어왔다. 망중립성은 인터넷의 미래와 관련된 중요한 이슈이며, 이와 관련된 논쟁은 프랑스의 법체계상 통신, 인터넷규제와 관련된 다양한 규제기관, 사법기구를 통해 반영되고 있다. 프랑스의 통신규제기관인 ARCEP는 2010년, 한국 방송통신위원회의 「망 중립성 및 인터넷 트래픽 관리에 관한 가이드라인」과 비교될 수 있는 「10대 정책제안」을 발표하는 등 망중립성과 관련된 논쟁을 주도하고 있는데, ARCEP의 정책제안은 한국의 망중립성 가이드라인과 동일한 목표를 지향하고 있지만, 상대적으로 폭넓은 이슈들을 포괄하고 있으며, 보다 구체적이고 실행 가능한 접근방식을 취하고 있는 것으로 평가된다. 이후 ARCEP는 최고행정법원 등 사법제도의 지원아래 관련 이슈들에 대한 모니터링 제도 도입을 시작했다. 또한, 망중립성은 Cogent vs. FT의 분쟁과 관련된 경쟁법적 다툼을 통해서도 다루어졌는데, 동 사안은 CP가 통신사업자를 상대로 제기한 최초의 지배력 남용 분쟁이라는 의미를 지닌다. 프랑스의 경우 헌법위원회가 2009년 인터넷에 대한 접근을 표현의 자유를 효과적으로 구현한기 위한 핵심 요소를 규정한 이후, 망중립성의 헌법적 가치 또한 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 이와 같은 프랑스의 복잡한 법률체계에 더해 상대적으로 ARCEP의 정책에 비판적인 행정부와 입법부의 입장이 망중립성 법안의 작성을 지연시키고 있는 것으로 보인다. 결론적으로, 본고는 규제기관의 독립성과 적극적 개입 사례, 단말중립성, 검색중립성 등으로의 망중립성의 개념 확장 필요성등을 보여주고 있으며, 최종적으로 데이터 전송의 경제적 특성에 따른 지속적인 규제 필요성을 주장하고 있다.