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Nature of Complex Network of Dengue Epidemic as a Scale-Free Network
Hafiz Abid Mahmood Malik,Faiza Abid,Nadeem Mahmood,Mohamed Ridza Wahiddin,Asif Malik 대한의료정보학회 2019 Healthcare Informatics Research Vol.25 No.3
Objectives: Dengue epidemic is a dynamic and complex phenomenon that has gained considerable attention due to its injurious effects. The focus of this study is to statically analyze the nature of the dengue epidemic network in terms of whether it follows the features of a scale-free network or a random network. Methods: A multifarious network of Aedes aegypti is addressed keeping the viewpoint of a complex system and modelled as a network. The dengue network has been transformed into a one-mode network from a two-mode network by utilizing projection methods. Furthermore, three network features have been analyzed, the power-law, clustering coefficient, and network visualization. In addition, five methods have been applied to calculate the global clustering coefficient. Results: It has been observed that dengue epidemic follows a powerlaw, with the value of its exponent γ = –2.1. The value of the clustering coefficient is high for dengue cases, as weight of links. The minimum method showed the highest value among the methods used to calculate the coefficient. Network visualization showed the main areas. Moreover, the dengue situation did not remain the same throughout the observed period. Conclusions: The results showed that the network topology exhibits the features of a scale-free network instead of a random network. Focal hubs are highlighted and the critical period is found. Outcomes are important for the researchers, health officials, and policy makers who deal with arbovirus epidemic diseases. Zika virus and Chikungunya virus can also be modelled and analyzed in this manner.
Daim Asif Raja,Syed Ghulam Musharraf,Muhammad Raza Shah,Abdul Jabbar,Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger,Muhammad Imran Malik 한국공업화학회 2020 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.87 No.-
Polymer capped metal nanoparticles have been used for numerous biomedical and analyticalapplications. In present study, highly stable gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) capped with polypropyleneglycol (PPG) were synthesized using chemical reduction method. The characterization of PPG-AuNPs wasaccomplished by atomic force microscopy (AFM), zetasizer, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV–vis spectroscopy. Furthermore, PPG-AuNPs were utilized as colorimetric probe for thirdgeneration cephalosporin antibiotic, ceftriaxone (CEF). PPG-AuNPs permitted efficient, selective,quantitative and rapid recognition in concentration range of 0.1–100 mM in presence of numerousother drugs and salts. PPG-AuNPs have great potential for quantitative recognition of ceftriaxone inbiological and environmental samples. Moreover, the developed sensor has capacity to be applied asquality control of pharmaceutical formulations containing ceftriaxone. The PPG-AuNPs based sensorpermits quantitative and fast recognition of ceftriaxone away from a sophisticated laboratory setup.
Molecular Characterization of FLT3 Mutations in Acute Leukemia Patients
Ishfaq, Mariam,Malik, Arif,Faiz, Mariam,Sheikh, Ishfaq Ahmad,Asif, Muhammad,Khan, Muhammad Nasrullah,Qureshi, Muhammad Saeed,Zahid, Sara,Manan, Abdul,Arooj, Mahwish,Qazi, Mahmood Husain,Chaudhary, Ade Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.9
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) performs a vital role in the pathogenesis of hematopoietic malignancies. Therefore in recent times, the focus of several studies was on use of FLT3 as a prognostic marker. The present study investigated the molecular characterization and incidence of FLT3 mutations in acute leukemia patients in Pakistan. A total of 55 patients were studied, of which 25 were suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 30 were suffering from acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The polymerase chain reaction demonstrated FLT3/ITD mutations in 1 (4%) of 25 ALL patients, a male with the L2 subtype. In AML cases the rate was 4 (13.3%) of 30, three males and one female. The AML-M4 subtype was found in three and the AML M2 subtype in the other. In the AML cases, a statistically significant (p=0.009) relationship was found between WBC (109/L) and FLT3/ITD positivity. However, no significant relationship was found with other clinical parameters (p>0.05). In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) $FLT3/ITD^+$ mutation was more prevalent in elderly patients 31-40 age groups, 21-30 and 51-60 age groups respectively. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) statistically no significant relationship was found between clinical features and FLT3/ITD positivity (p>0.05). However, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) $FLT3/ITD^+$ mutation was more commonly found in age groups of 21-30.
Tahira, Bibi,Asif, Muhammad,Khan, Samiullah,Hussain, Abrar,Shahwani, Muhammad Naeem,Malik, Arif,Inayatullah, Syed,Iqbal, Zafar,Rasool, Mahmood Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.9
Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder of pluripotent stem cells, caused by reciprocal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22, t(9;22)(q34;q11), known as the Philadelphia chromosome. Materials and Methods: A total of 51 CML patients were recruited in this study. Complete blood counts of all CML patients were performed to find out their total leukocytes, hemoglobin and platelets. FISH was performed for the detection of BCR-ABL fusion and cryptogenic tests using bone marrow samples were performed for the conformation of Ph (9;22)(q34;q11) and variant translocation mechanisms. Results: In cytogenetic analysis we observed that out of 51 CML patients 40 (88.9%) were Ph positive and 4 (8.88%) had Ph negative chromosomes. Mean values of WBC 134.5 $10^3/{\mu}l$, hemoglobin 10.44 mg/dl, and platelets 288.6 $10^3/{\mu}l$ were observed in this study. Conclusions: In this study, Ph positive translocation between chromosome (9:22)(q34;q11) were observed in 40 (88.9%) CML patients.
CA 15-3 (Mucin-1) and Physiological Characteristics of Breast Cancer from Lahore, Pakistan
Begum, Mumtaz,Karim, Sajjad,Malik, Arif,Khurshid, Rukhshan,Asif, Muhammad,Salim, Asmat,Nagra, Saeed Ahmed,Zaheer, Ahmad,Iqbal, Zafar,Abuzenadah, Adel Mohammed,Alqahtani, Mohammed Hussain,Rasool, Mahmo Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.10
Background: High incidence of breast cancer and its fatal effect has reached an alarming stage across the globe, including the third world countries. Many factors have been reported to be associated with the development of breast cancer but detailed structural and functional information is missing. CA 15-3 is one of the known potential tumor marker of breast cancer; however little is known about structure and functional site of this protein. Present study aims to investigate the functional role of CA 15-3 in breast cancer, especially in development and metastasis. Material and Methods: Hundred female breast cancer patients confirmed by histopathological reports were included in the study. Their physiological characters were recorded in a performa. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to estimate serum CA 15-3 level. Immunohistochemistry was done for estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and Her2/neu receptors expression. Results: The study revealed the details of physiological characteristics of female breast cancer. Mean age was $37.72{\pm}5.99$ and $55.05{\pm}7.28$ years and serum CA 15-3 (MUC1) level was $60.47{\pm}8.59$ and $63.17{\pm}4.58$ U/ml in pre and post-menopause respectively, and both groups of women had sedentary life style. Their receptor status especially of progesterone, estrogen and HER-2/neu were positive in 50% of premenopausal women and 65% of postmenopausal women. Conclusion: There are multiple physiological factors promoting breast cancer. High serum CA 15-3 level and hormonal imbalance of ER, PR and Her2/neu appears to be the main cause of breast cancer. It may be possible that the functional sites of these proteins may be altered which may increase the chances of metastasis in breast cancer.