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あぁかがさざただなはばぱまやゃらわゎんいぃきぎしじちぢにひびぴみりうぅくぐすずつづっぬふぶぷむゆゅるえぇけげせぜてでねへべぺめれおぉこごそぞとどのほぼぽもよょろを

アァカサザタダナハバパマヤャラワヮンイィキギシジチヂニヒビピミリウゥクグスズツヅッヌフブプムユュルエェケゲセゼテデヘベペメレオォコゴソゾトドノホボポモヨョロヲ ―

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中文 을 입력하시려면 zhongwen을 입력하시고 space를누르시면됩니다.
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ㅥ ㅦ ㅧ ㅨ ㅩ ㅪ ㅫ ㅬ ㅭ ㅮ ㅯ ㅰ ㅱ ㅲ ㅳ ㅴ ㅵ ㅶ ㅷ ㅸ ㅹ ㅺ ㅻ ㅼ ㅽ ㅾ ㅿ ㆀ ㆁ ㆂ ㆃ ㆄ ㆅ ㆆ ㆇ ㆈ ㆉ ㆊ ㆋ ㆌ ㆍ ㆎ

Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω

á à Á À é è É È ç Ç ê

Ä Ö Ü ä ö ü ß

ְ ֳ ֲ ֱ ָ ַ ֵ ֶ ִ ֹ ּ ֻ ׂ ׁ ּ פ ם ן ו ט א ר ק ף ך ל ח י ע כ ג ד ש ץ ת צ מ נ ה ב

‘ ’ “ ” 〔〕〈〉「」『』【】＂（）［］｛｝

± × ÷ ≠ ≤ ≥ ∞ ∴ ♂ ♀ ∠ ⊥ ⌒ ∂ ∇ ≡ ≒ ≪ ≫ √ ∽ ∝ ∵ ∫ ∬ ∈ ∋ ⊆ ⊇ ⊂ ⊃ ∪ ∩ ∧ ∨ ￢ ⇒ ⇔ ∀ ∃ ∮ ∑ ∏ ＋－＜＝＞

、。 · ‥ … ¨ 〃 ― ∥ ＼ ∼ ´ ～ ˇ ˘ ˝ ˚ ˙ ¸ ˛ ¡ ¿ ː ！＇，．／：；？＾＿｀｜

½ ⅓ ⅔ ¼ ¾ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁿ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄

Æ Ð Ħ Ĳ Ł Ø Œ Þ Ŧ Ŋ æ đ ð ħ ı ĳ ĸ ŀ ł ø œ ß þ ŧ ŋ ŉ

А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я

′ ″ ℃ Å ￠￡￥ ¤ ℉ ‰ ＄％Ｆ￦㎕㎖㎗ ℓ ㎘㏄㎣㎤㎥㎦㎙㎚㎛㎜㎝㎞㎟㎠㎡㎢㏊㎍㎎㎏㏏㎈㎉㏈㎧㎨㎰㎱㎲㎳㎴㎵㎶㎷㎸㎹㎀㎁㎂㎃㎄㎺㎻㎽㎾㎿㎐㎑㎒㎓㎔ Ω ㏀㏁㎊㎋㎌㏖㏅㎭㎮㎯㏛㎩㎪㎫㎬㏝㏐㏓㏃㏉㏜㏆

§ ※ ☆ ★ ○ ● ◎ ◇ ◆ □ ■ △ ▽ → ← ↑ ↓ ↔ 〓 ◁ ◀ ▷ ▶ ♤ ♠ ♡ ♥ ♧ ♣ ⊙ ◈ ▣ ◐ ◑ ▒ ▤ ▥ ▨ ▧ ▦ ▩ ♨ ☏ ☎ ☜ ☞ ¶ † ‡ ↕ ↗ ↙ ↖ ↘ ♭ ♩ ♪ ♬ ㉿㈜ № ㏇ ™ ㏂㏘ ℡ ＃＆＊＠ ª º

ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ ⅳ ⅴ ⅵ ⅶ ⅷ ⅸ ⅹ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ

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1
On-line, voluntary control of human temporal lobe neurons

Cerf, Moran,Thiruvengadam, Nikhil,Mormann, Florian,Kraskov, Alexander,Quiroga, Rodrigo Quian,Koch, Christof,Fried, Itzhak Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2010 Nature Vol.467 No.7319
- 원문보기
Daily life continually confronts us with an exuberance of external, sensory stimuli competing with a rich stream of internal deliberations, plans and ruminations. The brain must select one or more of these for further processing. How this competition is resolved across multiple sensory and cognitive regions is not known; nor is it clear how internal thoughts and attention regulate this competition. Recording from single neurons in patients implanted with intracranial electrodes for clinical reasons, here we demonstrate that humans can regulate the activity of their neurons in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) to alter the outcome of the contest between external images and their internal representation. Subjects looked at a hybrid superposition of two images representing familiar individuals, landmarks, objects or animals and had to enhance one image at the expense of the other, competing one. Simultaneously, the spiking activity of their MTL neurons in different subregions and hemispheres was decoded in real time to control the content of the hybrid. Subjects reliably regulated, often on the first trial, the firing rate of their neurons, increasing the rate of some while simultaneously decreasing the rate of others. They did so by focusing onto one image, which gradually became clearer on the computer screen in front of their eyes, and thereby overriding sensory input. On the basis of the firing of these MTL neurons, the dynamics of the competition between visual images in the subject??s mind was visualized on an external display.
2
U6 is unsuitable for normalization of serum miRNA levels in patients with sepsis or liver fibrosis

Fabian Benz,Christoph Roderburg,David Vargas Cardenas,Mihael Vucur,Jeremie Gautheron,Alexander Koch,Henning Zimmermann,Jorn Janssen,Lukas Nieuwenhuijsen,Mark Luedde,Norbert Frey,Frank Tacke,Christian 생화학분자생물학회 2013 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.45 No.9
- 원문보기
MicroRNA (miRNA) levels in serum have recently emerged as potential novel biomarkers for various diseases. miRNAs are routinely measured by standard quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR); however, the high sensitivity of qPCR demands appropriate normalization to correct for nonbiological variation. Presently, RNU6B (U6) is used for data normalization of circulating miRNAs in many studies. However, it was suggested that serum levels of U6 themselves might differ between individuals. Therefore, no consensus has been reached on the best normalization strategy in ‘circulating miRNA’. We analyzed U6 levels as well as levels of spiked-in SV40-RNA in sera of 44 healthy volunteers, 203 intensive care unit patients and 64 patients with liver fibrosis. Levels of U6 demonstrated a high variability in sera of healthy donors, patients with critical illness and liver fibrosis. This high variability could also be confirmed in sera of mice after the cecal ligation and puncture procedure. Most importantly, levels of circulating U6 were significantly upregulated in sera of patients with critical illness and sepsis compared with controls and correlated with established markers of inflammation. In patients with liver fibrosis, U6 levels were significantly downregulated. In contrast, levels of spiked-in SV40 displayed a significantly higher stability both in human cohorts (healthy, critical illness,liver fibrosis) and in mice. Thus, we conclude that U6 levels in the serum are dysregulated in a disease-specific manner. Therefore, U6 should not be used for data normalization of circulating miRNAs in inflammatory diseases and previous studies using this approach should be interpreted with caution. Further studies are warranted to identify specific regulatory processes of U6 levels in sepsis and liver fibrosis.
3
A category-specific response to animals in the right human amygdala

Mormann, Florian,Dubois, Julien,Kornblith, Simon,Milosavljevic, Milica,Cerf, Moran,Ison, Matias,Tsuchiya, Naotsugu,Kraskov, Alexander,Quiroga, Rodrigo Quian,Adolphs, Ralph,Fried, Itzhak,Koch, Christof Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2011 NATURE NEUROSCIENCE Vol.14 No.10
- 원문보기
The amygdala is important in emotion, but it remains unknown whether it is specialized for certain stimulus categories. We analyzed responses recorded from 489 single neurons in the amygdalae of 41 neurosurgical patients and found a categorical selectivity for pictures of animals in the right amygdala. This selectivity appeared to be independent of emotional valence or arousal and may reflect the importance that animals held throughout our evolutionary past.