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Recent developments in small bowel endoscopy: the “black box” is now open!
Luigina Vanessa Alemanni,Stefano Fabbri,Emanuele Rondonotti,Alessandro Mussetto 대한소화기내시경학회 2022 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.55 No.4
Over the last few years, capsule endoscopy has been established as a fundamental device in the practicing gastroenterologist’s toolbox. Its utilization in diagnostic algorithms for suspected small bowel bleeding, Crohn’s disease, and small bowel tumors has been approvedby several guidelines. The advent of double-balloon enteroscopy has significantly increased the therapeutic possibilities and release ofmultiple devices (single-balloon enteroscopy and spiral enteroscopy) aimed at improving the performance of small bowel enteroscopy. Recently, some important innovations have appeared in the small bowel endoscopy scene, providing further improvement to its evolution. Artificial intelligence in capsule endoscopy should increase diagnostic accuracy and reading efficiency, and the introduction ofmotorized spiral enteroscopy into clinical practice could also improve the therapeutic yield. This review focuses on the most recentstudies on artificial-intelligence-assisted capsule endoscopy and motorized spiral enteroscopy.
Compton scattering of quasi-real virtual photons at LEP
Achard, P.,Adriani, O.,Aguilar-Benitez, M.,Alcaraz, J.,Alemanni, G.,Allaby, J.,Aloisio, A.,Alviggi, M.G.,Anderhub, H.,Andreev, V.P.,Anselmo, F.,Arefiev, A.,Azemoon, T.,Aziz, T.,Bagnaia, P.,Bajo, A.,Ba Elsevier 2005 Physics letters: B Vol.616 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Compton scattering of quasi-real virtual photons, γ<SUP>e±</SUP>→γ<SUP>e±</SUP>, is studied with 0.6 fb<SUP>−1</SUP> of data collected by the L3 detector at the LEP <SUP>e+</SUP><SUP>e−</SUP> collider at centre-of-mass energies s=189–209 GeV. About 4500 events produced by the interaction of virtual photons emitted by <SUP>e±</SUP> of one beam with <SUP>e∓</SUP> of the opposite beam are collected for effective centre-of-mass energies of the photon–electron and photon–positron systems in the range from <SUP>s′</SUP>=35 GeV up to <SUP>s′</SUP>=175 GeV, the highest energy at which Compton scattering was ever probed. The cross sections of the γ<SUP>e±</SUP>→γ<SUP>e±</SUP> process as a function of <SUP>s′</SUP> and of the rest-frame scattering angle are measured, combined with previous L3 measurements down to <SUP>s′</SUP>≃20 GeV, and found to agree with the QED expectations.</P>
Neutral-current four-fermion production in <sup>e+</sup><sup>e−</sup> interactions at LEP
Achard, P.,Adriani, O.,Aguilar-Benitez, M.,Alcaraz, J.,Alemanni, G.,Allaby, J.,Aloisio, A.,Alviggi, M.G.,Anderhub, H.,Andreev, V.P.,Anselmo, F.,Arefiev, A.,Azemoon, T.,Aziz, T.,Bagnaia, P.,Bajo, A.,Ba Elsevier 2005 Physics letters: B Vol.616 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Neutral-current four-fermion production, <SUP>e+</SUP><SUP>e−</SUP>→ff¯<SUP>f′</SUP><SUP>f¯′</SUP>, is studied in 0.7 fb<SUP>−1</SUP> of data collected with the L3 detector at LEP at centre-of-mass energies s=183–209 GeV. Four final states are considered: qq¯νν¯, qq¯<SUP>ℓ+</SUP><SUP>ℓ−</SUP>, <SUP>ℓ+</SUP><SUP>ℓ−</SUP><SUP>ℓ′+</SUP><SUP>ℓ′−</SUP> and <SUP>ℓ+</SUP><SUP>ℓ−</SUP>νν¯, where <I>ℓ</I> denotes either an electron or a muon. Their cross sections are measured and found to agree with the Standard Model predictions. In addition, the <SUP>e+</SUP><SUP>e−</SUP>→Z<SUP>γ∗</SUP>→ff¯<SUP>f′</SUP><SUP>f¯′</SUP> process is studied and its total cross section at the average centre-of-mass energy 〈s〉=196.6 GeV is found to be 0.29±0.05±0.03 pb, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of 0.22 pb. Finally, the mass spectra of the qq¯<SUP>ℓ+</SUP><SUP>ℓ−</SUP> final states are analysed to search for the possible production of a new neutral heavy particle, for which no evidence is found.</P>
Z-boson production with two unobserved, back-to-back, hard photons at LEP
Achard, P.,Adriani, O.,Aguilar-Benitez, M.,Alcaraz, J.,Alemanni, G.,Allaby, J.,Aloisio, A.,Alviggi, M.G.,Anderhub, H.,Andreev, V.P.,Anselmo, F.,Arefiev, A.,Azemoon, T.,Aziz, T.,Bagnaia, P.,Bajo, A.,Ba Elsevier 2005 Physics letters: B Vol.613 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The double-radiative process <SUP>e+</SUP><SUP>e−</SUP>→Zγγ→qq¯γγ where the two hard photons escape detection at low polar angles into opposite directions, is studied in 0.62 fb<SUP>−1</SUP> of data collected with the L3 detector at LEP at centre-of-mass energies between 188.6 and 209.2 GeV. The cross sections are measured and found to be consistent with the Standard Model expectations.</P>
Search for an invisibly-decaying Higgs boson at LEP
Achard, P.,Adriani, O.,Aguilar-Benitez, M.,Alcaraz, J.,Alemanni, G.,Allaby, J.,Aloisio, A.,Alviggi, M.G.,Anderhub, H.,Andreev, V.P.,Anselmo, F.,Arefiev, A.,Azemoon, T.,Aziz, T.,Bagnaia, P.,Bajo, A.,Ba Elsevier 2005 Physics letters: B Vol.609 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>A search for a Higgs boson produced in <SUP>e+</SUP><SUP>e−</SUP> collisions in association with a Z boson and decaying into invisible particles is performed. Data collected at LEP with the L3 detector at centre-of-mass energies from 189 to 209 GeV are used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.63 fb<SUP>−1</SUP>. Events with hadrons, electrons or muons with visible masses compatible with a Z boson and missing energy and momentum are selected. They are consistent with the Standard Model expectations. A lower limit of 112.3 GeV is set at 95% confidence level on the mass of the invisibly-decaying Higgs boson in the hypothesis that its production cross section equals that of the Standard Model Higgs boson. Relaxing this hypothesis, upper limits on the production cross section are derived.</P>
Measurement of the running of the electromagnetic coupling at large momentum-transfer at LEP
Achard, P.,Adriani, O.,Aguilar-Benitez, M.,Alcaraz, J.,Alemanni, G.,Allaby, J.,Aloisio, A.,Alviggi, M.G.,Anderhub, H.,Andreev, V.P.,Anselmo, F.,Arefiev, A.,Azemoon, T.,Aziz, T.,Bagnaia, P.,Bajo, A.,Ba Elsevier 2005 Physics letters: B Vol.623 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The evolution of the electromagnetic coupling, <I>α</I>, in the momentum-transfer range 1800 <SUP>GeV2</SUP><−<SUP>Q2</SUP><21600 <SUP>GeV2</SUP> is studied with about 40 000 Bhabha-scattering events collected with the L3 detector at LEP at centre-of-mass energies s=189–209 GeV. The running of <I>α</I> is parametrised as: [FORMULA OMISSION] where <SUB>α0</SUB>≡α(<SUP>Q2</SUP>=0) is the fine-structure constant and C=1 corresponds to the evolution expected in QED. A fit to the differential cross section of the <SUP>e+</SUP><SUP>e−</SUP>→<SUP>e+</SUP><SUP>e−</SUP> process for scattering angles in the range |cosθ|<0.9 excludes the hypothesis of a constant value of <I>α</I>, C=0, and validates the QED prediction with the result: [FORMULA OMISSION] where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic.</P>
A search for flaring very-high-energy cosmic γ-ray sources with the L3+C muon spectrometer
Achard, P.,Adriani, O.,Aguilar-Benitez, M.,van den Akker, M.,Alcaraz, J.,Alemanni, G.,Allaby, J.,Aloisio, A.,Alviggi, M.G.,Anderhub, H.,Andreev, V.P.,Anselmo, F.,Arefiev, A.,Azemoon, T.,Aziz, T.,Bagna Elsevier 2006 Astroparticle physics Vol.25 No.5
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The L3+C muon detector at the CERN electron–positron collider, LEP, is used for the detection of very-high-energy cosmic γ-ray sources through the observation of muons of energies above 20, 30, 50 and 100GeV. Daily or monthly excesses in the rate of single-muon events pointing to some particular direction in the sky are searched for. The periods from mid July to November 1999, and April to November 2000 are considered. Special attention is also given to a selection of known γ-ray sources. No statistically significant excess is observed for any direction or any particular source.</P>
Achard, P.,Adriani, O.,Aguilar-Benitez, M.,van den Akker, M.,Alcaraz, J.,Alemanni, G.,Allaby, J.,Aloisio, A.,Alviggi, M.G.,Anderhub, H.,Andreev, V.P.,Anselmo, F.,Arefiev, A.,Azemoon, T.,Aziz, T.,Bagna Elsevier 2005 Astroparticle physics Vol.23 No.4
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The shadowing of high-energy cosmic rays by the Moon has been observed with a significance of 9.4 standard deviations with the L3+C muon spectrometer at CERN. A significant effect of the Earth magnetic field is observed. Since no event deficit on the east side of the Moon has been observed, an upper limit at 90% confidence level on the antiproton to proton ratio of 0.11 is obtained for primary energies around 1TeV.</P>