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Cadmium-Induced Gene Expression is Regulated by MTF-1, a Key Metal- Responsive Transcription Factor
Gupta, Ronojoy-Sen,Ahnn, Joohong The Korean Society for Integrative Biology 2003 Korean journal of biological sciences Vol.7 No.3
The transition metal cadmium is a serious occupational and environmental toxin. To inhibit cadmium-induced damage, cells respond by increasing the expression of genes that encode stress-responsive proteins. The metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) is a key regulator of heavy-metal induced transcription of metallothionein-I and II and other genes in mammals and other metazoans. Transcriptional activation of genes by MTF-1 is mediated through binding to metal-responsive elements in the target gene promoters. Phosphorylation of MTF-1 plays a critical role in the cadmium-inducible transcriptional activation of metallothionein and other responses. Studies using inhibitors indicate that multiple kinases and signal transduction cascades, including those mediated by protein kinase C, tyrosine kinase and casein kinase II, are essential for cadmium-mediated transcriptional activation. In addition, calcium signaling is also involved in regulating metal-activated transcription. In several species, cadmium induces heat shock genes. Recently much progress has been made in elucidating the cellular machinery that regulates this metal-inducible gene expression. This review summarizes these recent advances in understanding the role of some known cadmium-responsive genes and the molecular mechanisms that activate metal-responsive transcription factor, MTF-1.
Serpen Durnaoglu,김희수,Joohong Ahnn,이선경 생화학분자생물학회 2020 BMB Reports Vol.53 No.10
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are retrotransposons present in various metazoan genomes and have been implicated in metazoan evolution as well as in nematodes and humans. The long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons contain several regulatory sequences including promoters and enhancers that regulate endogenous gene expression and thereby control organismal development and response to environmental change. ERVs including the LTR retrotransposons constitute 8% of the human genome and less than 0.6% of the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) genome, a nematode genetic model system. To investigate the evolutionarily conserved mechanism behind the transcriptional activity of retrotransposons, we generated a transgenic worm model driving green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression using Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV)-K LTR as a promoter. The promoter activity of HERV-K LTR was robust and fluorescence was observed in various tissues throughout the developmental process. Interestingly, persistent GFP expression was specifically detected in the adult vulva muscle. Using deletion constructs, we found that the region from positions 675 to 868 containing the TATA box was necessary for promoter activity driving gene expression in the vulva. Interestingly, we found that the promoter activity of the LTR was dependent on che-1 transcription factor, a sensory neuron driver, and lin-15b, a negative regulator of RNAi and germline gene expression. These results suggest evolutionary conservation of the LTR retrotransposon activity in transcriptional regulation as well as the possibility of che-1 function in non-neuronal tissues.
Ahn, Do-Hwan,Singaravelu, Gunasekaran,Lee, Sooung,Ahnn, Joohong,Shim, Yhong-Hee WILEY-VCH 2006 Proteomics Vol. No.
<P>Calcineurin is a heterodimeric serine/threonine protein phosphatase, important for many cellular processes such as T-cell regulation, cardiac hypertrophy and kidney development. We previously reported the characterization of Caenorhabditis elegans calcineurin mutants as providing a simple but excellent genetic model system for studying in vivo functions of calcineurin. Calcineurin loss-of-function mutants, cnb-1(lf), and gain-of-function mutants, tax-6(gf), show certain opposite phenotypes as well as some similar phenotypes. In order to explain the phenotypic similarity observed in both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutants, we examined the proteins that followed similar trends in both mutants relative to wild-type worms by using 2-DE. Interestingly, VHA-13, HSP-6 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase are down-regulated in both mutants. A total of 96 differentially regulated proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/MS. Among these, 42 proteins are up-regulated and 54 proteins are down-regulated in calcineurin mutants. Furthermore, knock-down of about 30% of the genes, which are down-regulated in calcineurin mutants, showed some of the phenotypes of calcineurin-null mutants. This analysis suggests the functional relevance of these proteins to calcineurin activity in C. elegans.</P>
Human Vesicular Glutamate Transporters Functionally Complement EAT-4 in C. elegans
Lee, Dukgyu,Jung, Sunki,Ryu, Jungmin,Ahnn, Joohong,Ha, Ilho Korean Society for Molecular Biology 2008 Molecules and cells Vol.25 No.1
The vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) transports glutamate into pre-synaptic vesicles. Three isoforms of VGLUT have been identified in humans, but their functional differences remain largely unknown. EAT-4 is the only homologue of human VGLUT in C. elegans. Here we report that mutants of eat-4 exhibit hyperforaging behavior and that each of the isoforms of human VGLUT functionally rescues the defects in eat-4 worms.
Autophagy genes mediate the effect of calcineurin on life span in C. elegans.
Dwivedi, Meenakshi,Song, Hyun-Ok,Ahnn, Joohong Landes Bioscience 2009 Autophagy Vol.5 No.5
<P>Calcineurin (CaN) is a serine/threonine phosphatase, activated by Ca2+/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM). CaN is known to regulate various cellular responses in different organisms. A recent study showed an extended life span in the calcineurin mutants of C. elegans. In this study, we report that calcineurin defective strains exhibit enhanced autophagy. In addition, we found two essential autophagy genes (bec-1 and atg-7) are required for the life-span extension in calcineurin null mutants [cnb-1(jh103)]. Thus, for the first time we suggest that autophagy genes are required for the life-span regulation in calcineurin defective C. elegans strains.</P>
Li, Weixun,Choi, Tae-Woo,Ahnn, Joohong,Lee, Sun-Kyung Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2016 Molecules and cells Vol.39 No.11
Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) binds to calcineurin through the PxIxIT motif, which is evolutionarily conserved. SP repeat phosphorylation in RCAN1 is required for its complete function. The specific interaction between RCAN1 and calcineurin is critical for calcium/calmodulin-dependent regulation of calcineurin serine/threonine phosphatase activity. In this study, we investigated two available deletion rcan-1 mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans, which proceed differently for transcription and translation. We found that rcan-1 may be required for calcineurin activity and possess calcineurin-independent function in body growth and egg-laying behavior. In the genetic background of enhanced calcineurin activity, the rcan-1 mutant expressing a truncated RCAN-1 which retains the calcineurin-binding PxIxIT motif but misses SP repeats stimulated growth, while rcan-1 lack mutant resulted in hyperactive egg-laying suppression. These data suggest rcan-1 has unknown functions independent of calcineurin, and may be a stimulatory calcineurin regulator under certain circumstances.