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작업환경측정 결과 데이터베이스를 활용한 직무노출매트릭스 구축을 위한 공정 표준화
최상준 ( Sangjun Choi ),박주현 ( Ju-hyun Park ),고동희 ( Dong-hee Koh ),박동욱 ( Donguk Park ),김환철 ( Hwan-cheol Kim ),임대성 ( Dae Sung Lim ),성예지 ( Yeji Sung ),고경윤 ( Kyoung Yoon Ko ),임지선 ( Ji Seon Lim ),서회경 ( Hoekye 한국산업보건학회 2023 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.33 No.1
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to standardize the process code of the work environment measurement database (WEMD) for the construction of a job-exposure matrix (JEM). Methods: The standard process code (SPC) was reclassified based on process similarity and drawing upon the code used in the existing K2B. It was supplemented through review by industrial hygiene experts. In addition, an index word database related to SPC was created and used for SPC search. A pilot evaluation project was conducted by experts to evaluate the validity of the newly reclassified standard process code. Results: A total of 70 final SPCs were developed, including 31 processes related to the construction industry. Using the Shiny program, we developed a standard code finder that can be used on the web (https://kscf.shinyapps.io/scf_app/). As a result of the pilot evaluation, it was determined that it was easier to search for standard codes than previous codes, so it was highly utilized. Conclusions: It is expected that JEM construction using industry-process information drawing on WEMD data will be possible using the 70 newly standardized process codes.
정윤경 ( Yoonkeong Jeong ),최상준 ( Sangjun Choi ) 한국산업보건학회 (구 한국산업위생학회) 2017 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.27 No.1
Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the level of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) among workers handling rust preventive oils. Methods : A total of 30 bulk samples and 54 personal air samples were collected using diffusive samplers at 22 workplaces handling rust preventive oils in Daegu and Gyongsangbuk-do Province from March to October 2013. We also investigated detailed information on the related work conditions, such as kinds of products, handling methods, local exhaustive ventilation systems, and the status of the wearing personal protective equipment. All bulk samples and air samples were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify components to which workers potentially were exposed. Quantitative airborne concentrations of VOCs were confirmed using gas chromatography with flame ionized detectors. Results : In terms of qualitative analyses for the 30 bulk samples, we found carcinogenic, mutagenic and reproductive toxic(CMR) substances such as butane(carcinogenic Group 1A, mutagenic Group 1B), butoxy ethanol(carcinogenic Group 2), cumene (carcinogenic Group 2), ethyl benzene(carcinogenic Group 2), methyl isobutyl ketone(carcinogenic Group 2) and toluene (reproductive toxic, Group 2). As a result of full-shift based personal air samples, eight substances such as n-hexane, n-heptane, octane, nonane, decane, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene were detected. Among them, n-hexane and n-heptane were detected in all of 54 air samples with 13.13 ㎎/㎥ and 8.61 ㎎/㎥ of maximum concentration, respectively. The level of airborne concentration from all of samples were bellow the occupational exposure limit in Korea. Conclusions : Based on the results of this study, workers handling rust preventive oils could be exposed to CMR substances contained in rust preventive oils and n-hexane and n-heptane were found as the most frequent sources of VOC exposure.
부산지역 자동차정비업체에서 사용하는 유용성도료 관련 제품에 함유된 발암성, 생식세포변이원성, 생식독성 물질 취급 현황
김은석 ( Eunseok Kim ),천지영 ( Jiyoung Chun ),최상준 ( Sangjun Choi ) 한국산업보건학회 2023 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.33 No.1
Objectives: The handling of carcinogenic, mutagenic or reproductive toxic (CMR) materials in paint-related products used by automobile maintenance companies in Busan was investigated and its characteristics were analyzed. Methods: MSDS for paint-related chemical products used by automobile repair companies in Busan were collected and the manufacturers, product uses, names of chemical substances in each component, CAS numbers, content, and more were listed. Results: As a result of collecting MSDS on 4,800 kinds of products handled in the painting process of automobile repair companies in Busan and comparing them with the latest toxic information database, 60 out of a total of 438 substances were found as CMR materials. Seven carcinogens (1A), including quartz, benzene, formaldehyde, and hexavalent chromium, were present. Two reproductive toxic 1A substances were included: hexavalent chromium in paint pigments and lead. Conclusions: Most of the products (95.5%) were found to contain at least of one CMR component, so it was judged that a study on exposure assessment of CMR substances by automobile maintenance workers is needed in the future.
CMIT/MIT 함유 가습기 살균제 제품의 제조 및 판매기업 형사판결 1심 재판 판결문에 대한 과학적 고찰 (I) : 제품 위험성과 노출평가 측면에서
박동욱(Dong-Uk Park),조경이(Kyung Ehi Zoh),김지원(Jiwon Kim),최상준(Sangjun Choi),권정환(Jung-Hwan Kwon),전형배(Houngbae Jun),김성균(Sungkyoon Kim) 한국환경보건학회 2021 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.47 No.2
Objectives: There was a judgment of acquittal for the manufacturer SK Chemical and the vendor Aekyung regarding humidifier disinfectant (HD) containing 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one/2-methylisothiazol- 3(2H)-one (CMIT/MIT). The rationale used in this judgement is discussed here in the light of scientific consideration. Methods: The sentencing document for the judgements was obtained from the Korea Supreme Court Service. In particular, the judgements made by the court related to the risk of HD and external and internal exposure to CMIT/MIT are discussed based on scientific evidence. Results: Rendering a determination in a criminal trial of insufficient evidence of causation, the court dismissed the prosecution’s motion that humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injuries (HDLI) and asthma were associated with the utilization of these products. However, CMIT/MIT, a strong sensitizing and corrosive substance, has been reported to be associated with brain toxicity, allergic contact dermatitis, and asthma. Furthermore, the judgment did not consider total consumption amounts or the cumulative dose of CMIT/MIT in the humidifier. Lastly, there are several cases supporting the fact that exposure to water-soluble substances including CMIT/MIT can cause lower respiratory tract diseases. In addition to cases of asthma among the workers exposed to CMIT/ MIT, we identified lung injury victims who were exposed to HDs exclusively containing CMIT/MIT. Conclusions: We conclude that there is sufficient evidence supporting the assertion that HDs containing CMIT/ MIT cause lung injuries, including asthma, contrary to the court’s judgement.
CMIT/MIT 함유 가습기 살균제 제품의 제조 및 판매기업 형사판결 1심 재판 판결문에 대한 과학적 고찰 (II) : 동물실험, 폐 손상 판정기준, 개인 인과
박동욱(Dong-Uk Park),조경이(Kyung Ehi Zoh),김지원(Jiwon Kim),최상준(Sangjun Choi),이소연(So-yeon Lee),전형배(Hyoungbae Jun),박태현(Taehyun Park) 한국환경보건학회 2021 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.47 No.3
Objectives: In January 2021, the former heads of the manufacturer SK Chemical and the vendor Aekyung were acquitted for manufacturing and selling humidifier disinfectant (HD) containing 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol- 3(2H)-one/2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT/MIT). In this article, we analyzed the rationale used in this judgement in the light of scientific consideration. Methods: The sentencing document for the judgements was obtained from the Korea Supreme Court Service. In particular, the judgements made by the court related to the toxicological and individual association with HD perspectives were discussed based on scientific evidence. Results: The ruling stated that the necessary conditions for causality between CMIT/MIT and such diseases were not met based on the fact that asthma and lung damage were not found in the inhalation exposure animal experiments. The judgment overlooked the inevitable limitations of using animal experiments for verifying health effects in humans, which are often inconsistent with the observations in animals. Among 11 government-affirmed lung injury cases with CMIT/MIT usage, three patients’ humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI) pathology proved that CMIT/MIT could cause lung injury similar to that caused by PHMG and PGH. In addition, five children showed decreased lung function related to damage caused by humidifier disinfectant exposure. Conclusions: We conclude that there is sufficient evidence supporting the assertion that HDs containing CMIT/ MIT cause lung injuries, including asthma, contrary to the court’s decision.
휴대용 손 선풍기의 극저주파 자기장 발생 수준 평가와 쟁점 고찰
박동욱(Dong-Uk Park),이성진(Seongjin Yi),김소연(So-Youn Kim),배서연(Seo-Youn Bae),최상준(Sangjun Choi),김 원(Won Kim),민승현(Sung Hyon Min),박지훈(Jihoon Park),안종주(Jongju Ahn) 한국환경보건학회 2018 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.44 No.5
Objective: This study aimed to report the level of extremely low frequency-magnetic field (ELF-MF) emitted by portable hand-held fans (HHF) and to discuss the methodologies for determining the health risk of ELF-MF for HHF products. Method: ELF-MF was monitored at eight locations by distances in the vicinity of HHFs. A total of 13 HHF brands on the market were randomly selected. A portable ELF-MF monitor MDEX II was used to measure the ELF-MF level in the range of 40-800 Hz with a resolution of 0.01 µT. This study also examined the frequency results of a total of 45 HHF products investigated by the Korean Ministry of Science and ICT (KMSICT). Results: ELF-MF higher than 0.3 µT was found to be emitted at a distance of less than 20 cm from 12 HHF. ELF-MF emitted from four products was found to exceed the reference level (83.3 uT based on 60 Hz) recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). KMSIT reported that the principle frequency emitted from the HHFs ranged from 54 Hz to 284 kHz, without the level of LEF-MF. Unscientifically, the KMSICT used the reference level by ICNIRP as the chronic level and concluded that all HHFs are safe with a basis of 1.2-36.0% less than the reference level. Conclusion: The HHF emitted much higher levels of ELF-MF than 0.3-0.4 µT, which is regarded as the reference level for childhood leukemia. The risk of HHF should be examined in terms of whether they can be used by the general public, including children and pregnant woman.
물질과 제품 사용에 의한 국내 중독(poisoning) 건수 추정
박소영(Soyoung Park),이예성(Yesung Lee),문은찬(Eunchan Mun),남민우(Minwoo Nam),김지원(Jiwon Kim),박지훈(Jihoon Park),최원준(Won-Jun Choi),최상준(Sangjun Choi),하권철(Kownchul Ha),전형배(Hyoungbae Jun),박동욱(Dong-Uk Park) 한국환경보건학회 2020 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.46 No.5
Objective: South Korea still lacks systematic national poisoning data collection or a poison control center (PC). The objectives of this study are to provide estimates of poisoning incidents in South Korea and to stress the necessity of a national poisoning surveillance framework managed by a national PC. Method: The number of poisoning incidents was estimated based on the 2018 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS). Our estimation of poisoning data was classified according to age group, reason for poison exposure, and case management site. Results: Total poisoning cases estimated numbered 326,636, which is tantamount to 631 cases per 100 thousand. Poisoning cases among those younger than five years old accounted for 71.7% in the United States. Fatal poisoning cases were estimated to be 210.63 (95% CI: 199.70-222.15). Non-intentional poisoning cases (250,378 cases, 95% CI: 249,992-250,764, 76.7%) were estimated to be far higher than intentional cases (62,399 cases, 95% CI: 62,207-62,593, 19.1%). Conclusion: Our results can be used to suggest the necessity of producing national poisoning data and establishing a PC despite the uncertainty of estimation.