아프리카 인유학과 ‘전통종교’의 창조

장용규(Chang Yong-Kyu) 한국아프리카학회 2006 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.24 No.-

The paper pursues the inventive process of African 'traditional religions'. The term 'inventive' is employed here in order to connote some negative aspects of African traditional religions. It is manipulative and coercive in a sense that African traditional religions had been largely created by early 19th missionaries and anthropologists. Armed by romanticism, historical diffusionism or evolutionism, European missionaries had been long denied the religious nature of African belief systems. African belief systems had been not only marginalised, but also degenerated. Using derogative terms, such as, savage, barbarious and primitive, missionaries had negated the possibilities of African people created their own belief systems. As time passed and colonial rules had been, however, fmnly planted on African soil, missionaries understandings on African belief systems had been slowly changed: acknowledging the presence of African belief systems. Missionary-anthropologists like Callaway, H., Bryant, A. T., Junod, H., had published influential monography on Zulu and Thonga belief systems. But their understandings on African belief systems had been based on Christian hierarchies: the God on the top of the cosmology and the evil the bottom; the sharp contrast between the good and the evil. They were the scholars who had laid the firm foundation on the study of African religions. Heired from those missionary-anthropologists, modem anthropologists have intensively studied various African societies and tried to systemise African belief systems.

신자유주의와 탄자니아의 영어조기교육

장용규(Yong-Kyu Chang) 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2011 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.29 No.-

Although Tanzania is a multi-lingual country, two dominant languages, KiSwahili and English, have been widely spoken in public as well as private environment. Since its independent, Tanzanian government has gave a priority to KiSwahili as a national language, while English been used in the field of commerce and technology. Therefore, there is a consensus of KiSwahili for national unity and English for modern and global competitiveness. In the wake of Neo-liberalism and Globalization, language situation in Tanzania is drastically changing. Those who pros to neo-liberation argues that current English education is not enough to gain global competitiveness. They suggest that Tanzania government should introduce English medium curricula in Primary School in order to give students confidence for English in their early ages. They argue that early birds can catch worms. Nevertheless, there are cons against early English education. Two points are raised. One is that education infrastructure is not good enough to start early English education in Tanzania. As rural population is more than 70%, rural inhabitants have poor educational environments compare to urban areas. Therefore, early English education only will give a favour to urban students. Secondly, this will result a dichotomy of Tanzania: those who speak English and have all priority of social and economic resources and those who speak Swahili and have no these priorities. These arguments may will go as there are sharp division of opinion on this issue. Nevertheless, crucial questions should be raised. How does Tanzanian government supply qualified English medium teachers?; how does Tanzanian government make a proper educational program using English as an instruction language?; and how does Tanzanian government get enough budget for all these?

2007 개정 교육과정에 따른 초등 체육교과교육의 발전 방향

장용규 ( Yong Kyu Chang ) 서울敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2008 한국초등교육 Vol.18 No.2

2007년 개정 체육과 교육과정은 내용체계에 있어서 신체활동 가치 중심의 내용체계로 전환하였을 뿐 아니라, 교사의 선택권을 최대한 보장하고 수업의 다양성과 깊이, 질적 측면 등을 극대화하려 했다는 점에서, 기존의 개정 교육과정과는 많은 차이를 보인다. 또한, 가치(주제) 중심의 체육교육을 통해 신체활동의 외현적 기능뿐 아니라 그 안에 내포된 의미를 이해함으로써, 학습자가 체육수업에 보다 능동적으로 참여하고 자신의 체육적 가능성을 확대해 가도록 유도하고 있다. 개정 체육과 교육과정의 이상을 초등체육 현장에서 효과적으로 구현하기 위해서는, 무엇보다도 개인의 질적 측면인 주체적 체험이나 이해를 강조하는 방향으로의 체육과교육을 모색해보는 일이 그 어느 때보다 필요하다. 또한, 바람직한 신체활동 지식의 습득을 위해서는 이해하기, 체험하기, 표현하기, 구성하기, 감상하기 등의 다양한 수행과정을 포함하는 통합적 체육교육이 전개되어야 하며, 체육활동의 문화적 측면들을 균형 있게 가르치고 초등교사의 체육교과 전문성 향상에 매진함으로써 체육활동 전체의 유기적인 모습을 회복시켜야 한다. The reason for this study is to propose the direction in development of elementary physical education according to the 2007 Revised Curriculum. For the successful study, the followings need to be understood. First, the main reason to revise physical education curriculum. Second, the 2007 revised curriculum, third, the direction in development of elementary physical education. Here is the summary of the study. First, the reasons to have revised curriculum are the requires for internal and external changes, and a certain limit of 7th physical education curriculum. The demands of internal and external change are reflecting changes in the concept of physical education from ``sports skill`` to ``skills for an active life``. Second, the details of 2007 revised curriculum are characteristics, goals, contents, teaching methods. The characteristics of revised curriculum includes the definition of physical education, traits for desirable human, outline of physical education curriculum, advisable direction of physical education for schools. Goals are integrative and comprehensive and it must propose participation of students, tactics, expression, creation, fitness, and composition. Contents include health activity, challenging, competition, expression, leisure for students from 3rd graders of elementary school to 10th graders. Third, the direction in development of elementary physical education suggests student`s qualitative experience, integrative physical education, cultural education, and improvement in teacher`s speciality in physical education. Qualitative experiences help change physical education from sports skill into physical activity knowledge. To acquire physical activity knowledge, there should be an integrative physical education with understanding, experiencing, expressing, composing and appreciating. Cultural education aims at understanding sports, doing it, and having some knowledge about it. Finally the improvement of speciality for teachers is about educating preliminary teachers in making full use of cognitive knowledge and having a view point of activism.

초등학교 체육과 주제통합 교육과정의 재구성 및 적용

장용규 ( Yong Kyu Chang ),고승은 ( Sung Eun Ko ) 서울敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2008 한국초등교육 Vol.18 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze the participation attitude about the application of subject synthesis physical education curriculum based on competition in the elementary school. The qualitative research methods were employed and data were collected through various methods such as interviews and observations. Data were analyzed by using constant comparative methods and the trustworthiness of data was confirmed through member check, peer debriefing and triangulations. As a result, three styles of student participation were categorized: ``superior group``, `` normal group``, ``inferior group`` . Superior group had high physical abilities and sports functions level. They participated in all processes of physical educations positively and recognized their sports abilities high. Normal group had kind of good sports functions but they were so independent that their actions were like overaction, bragging themselves and self-intoxication. Inferior group were introverted independent and their actions were like hiding into a corner, escaping from a ball, sightseeing and helping from others. They were pertained to this type and they hoped to perch around the student whom the object of an interest became in group and preferred what the auxiliary role that didn`t look to a main interest object student did. The degree of class satisfaction is different from each other according to the student`s style about the application of subject synthesis physical education curriculum based on competition. Superior players are the most satisfied with application of physical education curriculum. Because they always effort to do something even though they face to new subject from the first. The superior player`s degree of class satisfaction is the most higher than other student` style. Competition was the main factor for the making the students participate the class especially to the introvert students who have low physical abilities. On the other hand, it did not effect to enthusiastic players who were competitive and normal players, when they were compared to the inferior player`s degree of class satisfaction. The degree of class satisfaction of three kinds of groups was changed according to their competition value-oriented attitude thru the subject synthesis education curriculum based on competition. Recognition of physical education class was also changed through positive interaction(encouragement, assistance, concession, compromise, giving concern). In case of superior group vs inferior group, both of them were changed into cooperation value-oriented attitude thru encouragement and assistance. In case of superior group vs normal group, normal group that was independent changed into cooperation-oriented attitude. In case of normal group vs inferior group, independent normal student was changed positive, value-oriented attitude thru giving concern and assistance. Instead of recognition based on exercise skill, almost student got recognition based on competition value in all domain after research. In general, the almost study participant students were satisfied by competition that teacher gave in the class.

‘샌드위치 민족’ : 구조적 폭력과 남아공인도인 정체성의 변화

장용규(Chang Yong-Kyu) 한국아프리카학회 2005 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.22 No.-

The question of Indian South African identity needs a historical explanation in the context of South African racial policies. A structural violence wielded by the British colonial government and Apartheid regime since the end of 19th century had systematically discriminated and displaced non-white population of South Africa. Although the main target of the racial policies was on African population, Indian South Africans were given no grant. They were entitled 'Indians' or 'Asians' and grouped into the designated areas. The history of 'Indian-ness' has been constructed since then in the course of the reaction to racial discrimination policies. South African academics have correctly argued that Indian South Africans were never homogeneous. Particularly at the beginning phase of Indian immigration to South Africa, they were grouped into on the base of regions, religions and languages. Geographical and cultural diversities occupied more stress than Indian-ness. Telugu and Tamil, Hindu and Muslim communities were more preferable than Indian identity. The whole scene, however, had dramatically changed as a radical racist regime took the power. Indians and other non-white population were forced to move into unfavorable landscapes and systematically discriminated. Reaction to the discrimination, Indians began to construct a macro identity of Indian-ness. A political party, South African Indian Congress, and newspaper, Natal Witness, had played pivotal roles in this context. At the same time, among the African population, antagonism against Indian population has began to created. Apartheid regime usurped African population but at the same time feared them. To ease African population's antagonism against the white, Apartheid regime used Indians as pawns. Indian residential areas were designed as buffer zones between the White and African population. The regime also propagandised that Indian exploited African population. Indian population began to think that they were 'being sandwiched' between the White and African population. Even today, after 10 years of democracy, the bulk of the Indian conceive that they are still discriminated by the host community, this time, African population. For the reasons, the paper claims that the structural position of Indian population has determined the Indian identity.

나이로비 도시경관의 변화

장용규(Chang, Yong-Kyu) 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2014 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.36 No.-

Nairobi is one of the fast growing Metropolitans in Africa. The population of the city in the early 1960s was barely about 250,000, however, half a century later in 2010, it reached at 3,350,000. This tremendous increasement in demography brought about the transformation of social landscapes, i.e. the changing pattern of racial and ethnic composition, the mushrooming of slums and informal settlements and so on. However, at the same time, the structural landscape of Nairobi, Apartheid styled residential segregation imposed on during colonial period, remains after the independence upto now with its slightly changed form: from race based residential segregation to class based one. In the past, most of favorable environments for human habitat in Nairobi had been allocated to European settlers while Africans were given barren and wild part of Nairobi. After independence, as Kenyan government imposed on the policy of ‘Africanization’, able and wealthy Africans, such as entrepreneur and high-level public officers, slowly occupied prior-European settelers residential areas, while low income African laborers remain in the same landscape. Nairobi City Council, facing with massive immigration of Africans to the city, planned to build up ‘planned residential areas’ for African laborers or civil servants. Jericho, Pangani and other areas were selected as model areas. However, rapid population growth in Nairobi led to mushrooming squatters and informal settlements. Mismanagement and corruption of City Council also has resulted the decline of city development. Therefore, Nairobi today reflects the colonial residential structure. In this paper, I tried to demonstrate the voices of Nairobians who have been silenced in the course of the developmental transformation of Nairobi. Their marginalised, forgotten and hidden histories, however, carry significant values to reconstruct the history of Nairobi. Therefore, the location of informants is more or less confined to Eastlands in which majority of poor Nairobians reside.

악마의 근대성 : 아프리카 악마의 문화경제학

장용규(Chang Yong-Kyu) 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2007 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.22 No.-

The paper pursues the nature of Zulu witchcraft which is one of crucial elements of Zulu belief system in terms of modernity. Witchcraft in Zulu societies has transformed its nature and symbolic meanings in the course of history. The paper tries to figure out the changing meanings of witchcraft and reinterpret it in cultural-economic perspectives. Zulu witchcraft has fimctioned a unique role in 'traditional' societies and reproduced its social meanings in the course of history. 'Traditionally', Zulu witchcraft has had a negative role of upsetting the stable social structure.(Berglund 1976; Ngubane 1977) Anti-social activities are general phenomena all over African communities. Nevertheless, the role of witchcraft in the context of modem world has changed drastically. It is inevitable. In Zulu societies, diviners have formed a unique cultural community. They are generally known as 'traditional' healers and very much conservative to keep their 'cultural tradition'. However, a close look reveals another side of story. They are cultural renovater: They manipulate cultural niche which they can utilise and make benefit of it. Witchcraft is not an exception. Witchcraft is feared by Zulu people. Witchcraft is 'traditionally' regarded as a destructive force, however, diviners effectively control over it and eventually utilise of it. Ndawo is fearful and malicious force which is a typical witchcraft in Zulu societies. But diviners are well control over ndawo and turn it into a divining spirit. Diviners join it with ngoma, a 'traditional' divining spirit in Zulu societies, and create a 'ngoma-ndawo complex'. The 'ngoma-ndawo complex' is a typical case of utilising evil force and turn it into a benevolent spirit. As Comaroffs describe, a 'ndawo-ngoma complex' is a 'panthom capital' in occult economies. Ndawo has successfully transformed its evilous nature into a benefactor. It is only possible in a context of capitalised and modem societies, like South Africa.

초등학교 학생을 대상으로 한 의사소통 교과융합 프로그램의 효과

이영석 ( Lee Young-suk ),장용규 ( Chang Yong-kyu ),윤여범 ( Yoon Yeo-bom ),이재승 ( Lee Jae-seung ),김동식 ( Kim Dong-sik ) 한국초등교육학회 2021 초등교육연구 Vol.32 No.S

본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 학생들의 의사소통역량 함양을 위해 교과 융합 프로그램을 적용하고, 연구 참여 학생들의 의사소통역량을 함양하는데 교과 융합 프로그램의 효과를 평가하는 것이다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 초등학교 5학년 3개반 61명을 대상으로 교과 융합 프로그램을 적용하였다. 프로그램은 8주간에 걸쳐서 8차시 수업으로 진행되었다. 자료 수집은 크게 두 가지 방향에서 이루어졌는데, 우선 프로그램 적용 과정을 기술적으로 드러내기 위해, 심층면담과 수업일지 등을 수집하였다. 교과 융합 프로그램의 효과성을 평가하기 위해 의사소통역량 진단 검사지를 활용하여, 연구 참여 학생들의 변화과정을 반복측정 분산분석을 통해 검증하였다. 프로그램 적용 과정은 ‘팀 편성하기 및 정체성형성’→‘칭찬하는 방법 익히기’→‘칭찬하는 말 해보기’→‘게임 상황에서 칭찬하는 말 해보기’→‘원하는 곳으로 셔틀콕 보내기’→‘게임에서 지켜야할 규칙 표현하기’→‘팀 배드민턴 모둠 대항전 하기’ 등으로 재구성되었다. 의사소통능력 진단도구를 통해 연구 참여학생들의 사전, 사후, 추후 의사소통역량을 반복측정 분산분석 한 결과 사전, 사후, 추후 검사 차이가 통계적으로 유의미한 것으로 나타났다(F=4.045, p =.020). 의사소통역량의 하위요소별 변화 중 반복측정을 통한 연구 참여자들의 유의미한 변화는 ‘정보수집’, ‘경청’, ‘창의적 의사소통’에서 확인할 수 있었다. ‘자기 드러내기’, ‘주도적 의사소통’, ‘타인관점 이해’ 하위요소에서도 평균 변화가 있었지만, 유의미한 수준은 아님을 확인 할 수 있었으며, ‘고정 관념적 사고극복’ 하위요소에서는 오히려 사후 검사 평균 점수가 낮고, 추후 검사의 평균점수가 더 높게 나와 교과 융합 프로그램 적용의 의미가 나타나지 않았음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 후속연구를 위한 제언으로, 우선, 다양한 지역의 학교에서 많은 학생들을 대상으로 본 프로그램을 적용하고 비교집단과 통제집단의 차이를 비교해봄으로써, 프로그램의 효과성을 보다 정밀하게 검증할 필요가 있다. 또한, 예비교사들의 역량도 함께 강화하기 위하여, 교사교육 프로그램에 적용 가능한 교과융합프로그램도 개발할 필요가 있다. The purpose of this study is to apply a curriculum convergence program to cultivate the communication competencies of elementary school students, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the curriculum convergence program in developing the communication competencies of the students participating in the study. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, a subject convergence program was applied to 61 students in 3 classes of 5th grade at Yeonghwa Elementary School. The program was conducted in 8 classes over 8 weeks. Data collection was largely carried out in two directions. First, in-depth interviews and class journals were collected to technically reveal the program application process. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the curriculum convergence program, the change process of the students participating in the study was verified through ‘Repeated ANOVA’ by using the communicative interpretation competency test sheet. The process of applying the program is 'Team formation and identity formation' →'Learn how to praise' →'Speak praising words' →'Speak praising words in a game situation' →'Send a shuttlecock to the place you want' →'What to keep in the game’ →'Team badminton group matchmaking'. Through the communication ability diagnostic tool, the difference between the pre-, post-, and post-test tests was statistically significant as a result of repeated measurement of the communication skills of the students participating in the study(F =4.045, p =.020). Among the changes by sub-factors of communication capacity, significant changes of the study participants through repeated measurement were found in 'Information Gathering', 'Listening', and 'Creative Communication'. There was also an average change in the sub-factors of 'self-disclosure', 'leading communication', and 'understanding of other people's perspectives', but it was confirmed that it was not at a significant level. It was confirmed that the meaning of application of the subject convergence program was not revealed because the average score of the later test was higher.

16세기 이전 인도양 교역과 스와힐리 경제권의 형성

장용규(Chang, Yong-kyu) 한국아프리카학회 2014 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.43 No.-

Swahili civilization has long been a subject of interest to African history students. We all know that Swahili civilization is the product of creolization among heterogenous cultures in and out of East Africa since the advent of Christian era. The Indian Ocean as a crucial maritime trading network had played a vital role for the birth of Swahili civilization. Mainstream research on Swahili society has largely focused on the origin and identity of Swahili. This paper hypothesizes that the Indian Ocean, prior to 16th century, played a role of ‘world-systems’ and pursues the nature of Swahili civilization in connection with these world-systems. Egypt, Arabian peninsula, Persian Gulf, India and China were major economic powers then and maritime trade was a main traffic among them. These economic powers continuously looked for rare raw materials and African inlands which provided ivory, animal skin, slaves, gold and spices were very much attractive places for them. In exchange, overseas merchants brought cotton fabrics, silks, porcelain, and other luxuries. Swahili societies monopolized trade by intermediating between these two partners. Based on seashore and inland waterways, Swahili societies were ideal to import foreign cultural and economic advantages. Foreign traders were reluctant to venture into African inlands, therefore, naturally, that became the monopoly of Swahili merchants. Swahili merchants thus developed unique economic entities. This paper imports Wallenstine’s concept of ‘world-system’ and its concepts: ‘core’, ‘semi-periphery’ and ‘periphery’. The paper specially highlights ‘semi-periphery’ as the nature of Swahili which link African interlands ‘peripheries’ and overseas ‘cores’. Wallenstine’s concept, however, has a weak point by stressing ‘world-system’ as the product of European modernism. Abu-Lughod (1987-88; 2009) and Beaujard(2007) provide major references since they focuse on world-systems before European modernism (Abu-Lughod) and particularly on the role of Swahili societies in Indian Ocean world-systems (Beaujard). Overall, Swahili societies played as intermediary merchant networks as merchantile and cultural ‘brokers’ and comfortably positioned themselves as ‘semi-peripheries’ in Indian Ocean world-systems.

아프리카 디아스포라: 문헌고찰을 통한 비판적 유형분류

장용규 ( Yong Kyu Chang ) 韓國아프리카學會 韓國外國語大學校 아프리카연구소 공동 2008 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.28 No.-