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이향천(Hyang-Cheon Lee) 사단법인 한국언어학회 2015 언어학 Vol.0 No.71
Semantics of paradox is a theory on the meaning of paradoxical expressions like “That is a nonsense!”, “It is absurd!”. As a working definition, ‘paradox’ is defined as a specific type of situation which causes people to respond to it with such utterances like above. The semantics of paradox will not look like a semantics of words, phrases, sentences, or compound sentences. It has to do with the aspects of situations which are of a higher level category than that of things, states, events, or simple conjunction of events. To construct a theory of paradox, it is essential to find specific patterns in the situations which bring about the socalled paradoxical responses. These patterns which constitute the situations are the core that has paradoxical efficacy. The patterns I present are: Infinity, Totality, Self-reflexivity, Duplexity (manifested through Confusion through Representation or Taking-as), and the singular domain - the First Person-Singular-Present. I discuss these patterns independently or in association with the philosophers’ treatments of their paradoxes. The ‘vagueness’ found in the talk on Sorites Paradox is repudiated. The philosophers felt it paradox not because it was vague but because they have seen the Law of Mathematical Induction violated. And the self-reflexivity found in the Liar’s Paradox is not the genuine cause of the paradox, but rather it is the confusion between the object language and the meta language. Why do paradoxes occur? Is it because the world goes like that? Is it because we see, think and act in a specific way? I think the both are to be taken into consideration, and always at the same time. Why do we respond in such a way to the paradoxes? Well, first because of the feeling of total helplessness, or uncontrollability we feel when the world is vast and have infinity which our finite reason cannot measure or cope with. And when we see things broken or violated, the things that we keep preserving and want to preserve, and that preserve us: the laws or the principles, the dearest things, the norms, the conscious or unconscious practices, or habits. When they are broken or violated it is hard for us to tolerate the situation. So the paradoxes teach us what they are that we preserve and keep. They inform us how we conduct our behaviors, how we choose, and how we react. They raise us our understanding, knowledge, emotion or perception to higher levels when we have understood what paradoxes are and how paradoxes work upon us.
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이향천 ( Hyang Cheon Lee ) 배달말학회 2015 배달말 Vol.57 No.-
언어의 변화의 연구는 언어를 변화하는 것으로 바라보는 것이다. 언어는 역사 속에, 사회 속에 존재한다. 한 세기를 주도한 구조주의적 언어관은 역사, 사회 등을 추상시켜 버리고 언어의 구조를 논하면서 간결한 기술이나 설명을 얻을 수 있었을지는 모르지만, 언어 현실에 대한 근본적 시각의 한계가 있고, 손대지도 못한 영역들이 많다. 1960년대에 들어 Labov는 사회 속에서 변화하는 언어를 언어의 실상으로 제시하고, 사회적, 심리적, 문화적 요소들과 상관을 보이는 언어의 변이나 변화를 추적했다. 우리는 언어에 대한 정적이고 추상적인 시각을 떨치고 역사와 사회 속에서 변화해가는 모습으로서의 언어관을 지향한다. 언어가 변화하는 양상들의 문제는 무엇이 변하는 가의 문제와 밀접하다. 변하는 것들에는 개체 항목만 있는 것이 아니라, 그 개체가 속하는 체계가 있고, 언중들의 사회적 위치, 심리, 인식, 행위들도 있다. 체계의 변화는 크게 체계 유지와 파괴가 있고, 체계 유지 안에서는 가감과 조율의 방식이 있다. 이 중 조율 현상은 크게 새로운 시각으로 접근할 필요가 있다. 언어 변화의 원인을 설명함에 많은 학자들이 아직 인과적 설명이나 해석학적 설명에 대한 뚜렷한 개념을 갖고 있지 않은 것으로 보인다. 필자는 언어가 표류한다고 보며, 그 표류에는 구조적이고 결정적인 요인이 있다고 본다. 언어가 표류로 비치는 까닭은 우리들이 그 원인이 되는 변수나 매개 변수를 아직 까마득히 모르기 때문이다. 그리고 언어 변화는 단독으로 그치는 것이 아니라 그 변화가 다른 체계 내의 변화를 가져오고, 또 역으로 계속 상호작용을 하는 것으로 본다. 그리고 이러한 상호 작용적 변화 현상을 기술하기 위해서는 적응적 표상 체계가 필요하다. The realistic study of language focuses on the changing aspect of language. It is based on the fact that language changes over time and varies within a society, and that language is not an abstract form which has constant states or properties, but is a continuous flow, a natural drift. The traditional study of linguistic change has shortcomings such as the paucity of evidence, the limits and unauthenticity of written documents and the methodological weaknesses in comparing and internal reconstruction. When looking at the modes of language change it is important to know what it is that changes. It may be a linguistic item(a word, or a phoneme) or the system which comprises the items. The system may cease to be, or continue to maintain itself. And there are two kinds of changing modes within the maintaining system: the modification and the modulation. The modulational aspect has not been the focused area of linguistic research or study, but it is gaining more and more attention in the other areas. It is not just a suprasegmental phenomenon, but a deep, basic psychological phenomenon. What changes may be the communicator, the activity, the mind, the emotion, the belief, and others. The causes of language change may be diverse according to what it is that changes. And there are two kinds of explanations of language change: a causal and a hermeneutic(functional, motivational). Lass considers the causal explanation as the only authentic scientific explanation and criticizes the other. The language change, for him, is a historical evolution and the change is determined structurally just as with the organisms, not by the intentions or the plans of the communicators, for they cannot be aware of their intentions or plans deployed over time. But, it cannot be denied that language is a medium, it represents the speaker``s action, intention, knowledge, and if what changes is an intention or an action, the physical explanation will not be satisfactory. The psychological factors might matter in some causal way, only that we do not have yet the science of mind, action, or emotion. In conclusion, we need a representing system of the change in general. The changes may not be represented in terms of states or non dynamic terms. A thermometer is a kind representing system of dynamics, a trajectory. And a thermostat is a model of adaptive representing system in the sense that it adapts to the external environmental change(of the water tank) while controlling and regulating the system(the heater). If an adaptive representing system is to be envisaged with respect to language change, there must be, in response to the language change, the adaptive system that can represent a change in behavioral pattern, or psychological terms, or social norms, etc.
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