위계에 의한 아동·청소년 간음죄에서의 ‘위계’의 의미

이덕인(Lee Deok In) 한국형사법학회 2016 刑事法硏究 Vol.28 No.4

형법과 아동·청소년의 성보호에 관한 법률에 규정된 위계에 의한 미성년자간음죄와 위계에 의한 아동·청소년간음죄는 동일한 불법을 예정하고 있다. 특히 위계에 의한 간음죄에 있어서는 상대방인 아동·청소년을 포함한 미성년에게 착오를 일으키거나 부지를 이용하여 성교행위에 이르게 되는 것이라는 점에서 이와 관련된 기망 또는 유혹행위도 포함하도록 넓게 해석할 필요가 있다. 아울러 성범죄의 특수성, 나아가 아동·청소년대상 성범죄의 특수성을 고려할 때, 이 사안과 같은 유형범죄의 위계개념에 그동안 법원이 공무집행방해죄, 업무방해죄 등 여타의 범죄유형에서 확립한 위계개념을 차용하는 것은 물론이고 사리판단이라고 하는 위계의 소극적 요건을 내세우는 것은 바람직한 태도가 아니다. 대법원은 기존의 판례를 통하여 형법 제302조의 위계에 의한 미성년자간음죄에 있어서 위계를 제한적으로 해석하여 간음행위 자체에 대한 오인, 착각, 부지만을 위계에 해당한다고 판시한 바 있다. 이에 따라 동일한 범죄구성요건으로 평가되는 청소년성보호법 제7조 제5항에서의 위계에 의한 아동·청소년 간음죄에 대해서도 동일한 맥락에서 위계개념을 파악하려 하고 있다. 따라서 위계의 의미 내지 범위를 대법원의 이와 같이 제한적으로 해석할 경우, 대상판결은 형사처벌에서 제외될 수밖에 없을 것이다. 그러나 위계에 의한 아동·청소년간음행위에 대한 처벌의 필요성과 정당성에 입각하여 기존의 위계개념은 성행위가 이루어진다는 사실 자체를 인식하지 못하도록하는 기망은 물론이고 성행위를 한다고 하는 인식은 있지만 성행위를 하겠다는 의사결정에 본질적인 영향을 미치는 행위자의 기망도 포함되는 방향으로 확대 해석되어야 한다. 13세 이상의 청소년은 성인과 동일한 정도의 성적 자기결정의 주체가 되지 못할 뿐 아니라 부분적으로 성적 자기결정권을 인정하더라도 그에 근거한 간음에의 승낙에는 일정한 제한이 따른다. 이들에 대한 성보호는 아동·청소년의 성보호에 관한 법률이 지향하고 있는 포기되어서는 안 될 국가의 후견적 책무 가운데 하나라고 할 것이다. Adultery on minors, stipulated in criminal code and the Act on the Protection of Children and Juveniles from Sexual Abuse, by a deceptive scheme and child and juvenile adultery by a deceptive scheme are both specified as illegal. Especially, given that adultery crime by a deceptive scheme of adults is committed by making minorities including child and juvenile put his or her foot in his or her mouth or by using ignorance of minorities to have an intercourse with them, juvenile and child adultery need to be understood with a wider perspective so that the range of juvenile and child adultery crime include any kind of fraud or enticement in the purpose of committing juvenile adultery. Moreover, when considering specialty of sex offense or adultery on child and minors, it is not desirable that court borrows the exact concept of deceptive scheme established from other types of crime such as obstruction of justice and obstruction of business to apply to the concept of deceptive scheme of crimes similar with child and minor adultery and formulates a negative requirement, called interpreting facts, of deceptive scheme. Supreme court interpreted sexual intercourse against minors by deceptive scheme addressed in Articles 302 of Criminal Law on a limited basis through recent court decisions and ruled that only misconception, mistake, and ignorance about adultery itself are applicable to deceptive schema. Accordingly, the concept of deceptive scheme tends to be understood in the same vein with child and juvenile adultery by deceptive scheme, addressed in the fourth clause of Article 7 of Child and Juvenile Sex Protection Act, regarded as a same criminal composition requirement. However, if the concept or application of deceptive schema is interpreted in a limited basis just like the supreme court did, case review will have no option but to be excluded from prosecution. Based on necessity and appropriateness of punishment for child and juvenile adultery, the concept of deceptive scheme needs to be broaden by including not only fraud done not to make victims recognize he or she is having a sexual intercourse but also fraud by an abuser fundamentally influencing decision making for having an intercourse even the victim is perceiving he or she is having an intercourse. Over 13 years old children or juveniles cannot be a subject for self-determination and furthermore, even they partially admit self-determination for sexual relation, there is still a changeless limitation on consent for adultery. This is one of government’s responsibilities which the government are not supposed to give up and the law for protecting sexual rights of juveniles has to focus on.

사형제도에 대한 연구

이덕인(Lee, Deok-In) 한국형사정책학회 2010 刑事政策 Vol.22 No.1

Today, more than 60 years after the Supreme Court of Japan first ruled that the death penalty itself and the execution means were constitutional, we need to think whether Japan is the society in the future when the precedent was planning to abolish the death penalty, or not. In this precedent, the Supreme Court said that life was high and noble and one person's life was heavier than the earth. Also, as it decided that the death penalty was not brutal judging from the circumstances of the day of the court's decision, it clarified that the death penalty must be seen as 'an brutal punishment' in the case that the execution means etc were brutal from humanitarian point of view judging from the time and circumstances. And, it said that a legislation for brutal punishments was against the mind of Article 36 of the Japanese Constitution. By the way, there is the 'brutality' of the crime by the defendant, in the standards for permitting the death penalty. Namely, the brutality of a criminal and national punishments that are planning to punish him are doubly interlinked in the death penalty. But, because making a judgement about the brutality of the crime by the defendant is extremely subjective and lacks in objectivity and the standard gap among each case is too big, it can be said as the examination factor of an offense which is empty of justice. Also, the brutality of national punishments is not absolute and value-free but a concept which is changed by the time and circumstances. So, I think that making a judgement about indetermination by indetermination is inconsequent and can't be the basis of the existence of the death penalty. Just like our society, the execution of the death penalty in Japan has the principle of secrete practice. Although people who don't directly witness the moment, ending one's days on the gallow, may argue that it is not brutal, condemned criminal on the gallow doesn't die by being throttled but he ends his life in the unimaginably horrible pain with the broken cervical spine. Today, it is a common sense in civilized societies that no execution means of the death penalty could be humanitarian and reduce pain. Basically, half century after the suggestion of the constitutional decision in Japan, today's situations at the time and circumstances widen the subjects and the ranges of the human right and the dignity of human. Even if a condemned criminal, we cannot deny he is a humans except for the fact that he is forced to offset his responsibility about a crime by his death. So, Japan should recollect their proud Heian period that daringly deleted the death penalty in the punishment list, than conceal it at the back of today's distorted fear of a crime and use it as an instrument of ruling for national management.

동북아시아 사형제도의 국제 동향과 미래 예측

이덕인 ( Deok In Lee ) 한국형사정책학회 2012 刑事政策 Vol.24 No.3

As entering modern and contemporary times, northeast countries chose ways different from one another in the process that they established their own national identities and organized ideologies bolstering the identities. However, their epistemological bases of crimes and punishments were as ever connected by asian values. Therefore, the solidarity of asian values on death penalty may boil down eventually to the problem of how to dissolve the set of fixed values. Although this awareness accompanies as many difficulties in leading changes as the depth of history, it is inevitable to cope with the problem by building solidarity power on the basis of co-prosperity of mankind because death penalty ultimately are not a problem of a regional situation applying to a certain country. Specifically, Korea has halted an execution of death penalty for a long time, and furthermore, in order to be commensurate with its expected role in the global society as the country from which UN secretary general is from and as a newly elected non-permanent member of the security council, it should boost its status as a country completely abolishing the death penalty in northeast asia by hurriedly signing the 2nd optional protocol to the international covenant and taking a procedure to ratify it.

문화유산의 불법유출 방지와 보호규범에 대한 비판적 고찰

이덕인(Lee, Deok-In) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2012 東亞法學 Vol.- No.54

문화유산을 보호하기 위해서는 이를 현존하는 현상대로 관리 및 유지하여 다음 세대에 전승하는 것이 관건이지만 이에 더하여 과거의 역사에서 불법하게 유출된 것을 회복하고 현재에 있어서는 불법유출이 우려되는 위험상황에 적절히 대응하는 문제 역시 중요하게 고려되어야 한다. 특히 후자의 경우에 있어서 절취와 손괴, 도굴 등 선행되는 문화유산범죄와 이에 따른 불법유출에 대처하는 형벌규범의 내용은 다양한 범죄행위의 유형을 분석하고 구성요건을 체계적으로 정비해야 한다. 따라서 일률적인 엄형주의의 선언만으로는 의도하는 범죄방지와 예방의 효과를 거둘 수 없다. 그러므로 불법 유출되는 문화유산을 규범적 측면에서 보호하기 위한 형사정책의 설계에 있어서는 관련 범죄의 행위객체를 재검토하고, 불법유출에 대한 실증적 조사와 유출경로를 정확히 파악하는 한편, 국내 소장 외국 문화유산에 대한 원 소유국가 반환의 문제, 관련 국제규범의 가입과 이에 수반되는 국내규범의 정비가 병행되어야 할 것이다. 특히 문화유산의 경우 화폐가치로 쉽게 환산할 수 있는 특성상 절취와 손괴, 도굴 등 관련범죄가 밀반출행위를 위한 사전행위로 일어나고 있으며, 결과적으로 밀반출에 의한 유출행위는 그 반환과 회복을 어렵게 하는 원인으로 작용하게 된다는 점에서 다른 재산범죄보다 심각성이 더욱 부각된다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 관련 규범은 엄형 예고에만 그치고 있고 구체적인 범죄구성요건이나 법정형의 산정 등에 있어서 입법적 불비와 흠결을 보인다. 따라서 비교법적 관점에서 여러 나라들의 관련 규정을 분석하여 실질적인 범죄대응의 제도적 장치를 마련해야 할 것으로 판단되며, 이 논문에서는 이와 같은 목적에 부합할 수 있도록 문화유산범죄에 대한 형벌규범의 내용을 비판적 시각으로 검토하고, 다른 나라와 우리나라의 문화유산에 대한 밀반출금지규범을 비교하였다. In reality of society’s approaching to multi-cultural, addicting to nationalistic single-culture system cannot be accepted any more agreeably, but it does not mean that the basis of identity has to be changed or disappeared. So, what we want pursue is laid in developments of incumbent society and nation’s permanency, and this has been inherited from the past, and has to be connected to the future by intermediating now through crystallization called cultural heritages. Cultural heritages do not mean tangible and intangible objects that have excellent creative values by cultural activities, especially designated as protected things from the Cultural Property Protection Law simply, it contains the rise and fall of specific countries and nations together with their immaterial, mental identity symbolically. Based on these reasons, activities of trying to get back cultural heritages having been drained away to abroad are being promoted from government-wide dimensions. However, various difficulties are scattered actually, and the necessity of having to solve these pre-conditional barriers first is coming to the front intensely. That is, concepts on cultural heritages charged with properties have to be changed into value-centered ones, and returned cases of foreign countries shall be reviewed closely together with grasping drained cultural heritage’s status empirically at the same time. In addition, our country has to do early participation in international norms related to cultural heritage protections having been delayed till now, and confirm on whether there are not cultural heritages of foreign countries that have to be returned based on principles of reciprocity in international laws, and hasten restorations to its original countries without any conditions if such objects are existed. Besides, right recognitions on cultural heritages are required to be enlightened so as to correct fetishistic public sentiment in which cultural heritages are regarded as converting means to monetary values, and social environments that instigate it have to be improved too. In relation with this point, current Cultural Property Protection Law is foretelling such like damaging or removing cultural heritages to abroad illegally will be dealt with strict punishments. However, it brought limitations on sentencing processes to practitioners as penalty norms for bluffs literally, and became a punishment of not making general prevention to the society or special ones to criminals. Therefore, the law has to be revised toward reasonable directions so that recognitions of being certainly punished without exceptions could be implanted from relevant penalty regulations.

동북아시아 사형제도의 현실에 대한 비판적 성찰

이덕인 ( Deok In Lee ) 한국비교형사법학회 2010 비교형사법연구 Vol.12 No.1

If one takes a close look at a death penalty system of North East Asia, Republic of Korea, China, Japan, one will find out that these countries have a common characteristic of maintaining a death penalty. Their death penalty system`s existence evidences are relied on public opinion which is not identifiable. However, a background of public opinion is rooted deeply from Confucianism, Asian`s value. Confucianism, consequently, blocked to naturalize western society`s right concept and philosophy of men`s dignity. In north east asia`s society, aims for punishment are education and means of rebirth, which I agree, however, when it comes to maintain nation`s system, existence of death penalty means acknowledgement that they cannot rule by rules. Thus, to change the notion, korea should not take a death penalty as a nation`s problem and civil right problems. They should exercise major influence on abolition of East asia`s death penalty and enforce to recognize it by enact it to international problems which is in need of intervention. Today, the world is moving toward vanishing a death penalty system. From 1977 to 2010, numbers of countries abolished a death penalty were increased dramatically from 11 to 139 in that, it is a result which is a global, societal, mutual interest and should be solved by international society. Thus, the republic of Korea should also join the international agreement which were adapted by UN as soon as possible and be prepared for ratification. Times that economic power decides nation`s quality had been already passed by, therefore, Korea should mediate to spirit of world`s civil right announcement to improve human dignity and develop human right and also participate to abolish death penalty.

양형으로서 사형의 정당성에 대한 검토

이덕인 ( Deok In Lee ) 한국비교형사법학회 2008 비교형사법연구 Vol.10 No.2

형법과 형사특별법상 성범죄 처벌규정에 대한 비판적 검토

이덕인 ( Deok In Lee ) 이실학회(구 한국경찰이론과실무학회) 2011 경찰연구논집 Vol.8 No.-

형벌규범을 올바르게 적용하려면 법률규정의 내용이 명확해야 할 뿐만 아니라 다른 법규정과의 중복 또는 충돌이 회피되어야 하는 것은 상식에 속하는 일이다. 그러나 우리 형사법체계를 살펴보면 동일한 범죄행위를 규율하는 형벌규정이 복수로 존재하고 있어 그 적용상 혼란이 야기되고 있다. 특히 이러한 문제점이 심각하게 드러나는 영역은 최근 사회적 관심의 대상으로 부각하고 있는 성범죄의 처벌에 관한 부분이다. 이러한 상황을 개선하려면 형사특별법상 유사처벌조항을 최소화하여 가능한 한 형법전의 규정이 적용될 수 있도록 하여야 하며, 형법전 역시 변화하는 사회상황에 적절히 대응할 수 있도록 개정되어야 할 필요가 있다. 이 연구는 성범죄 처벌과 관련하여 현재의 형사법체계 내에서 상호 중복되는 규정의 현황을 살펴보고 그 정비 방안을 마련하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 통하여 중복되는 규정을 삭제, 개정하고 형법 전에 새로이 도입할 필요가 있는 규정들의 입법안을 제시하고자 한다. In order to correctly apply the criminal laws. In addition to its contents must be clearly overlap or conflict with other laws and regulations should be avoided, but we look at the criminal legal system, the same criminal penalty provisions that govern the confusion has existed as multiple, specifically, these issues seriously exposed area is the section on penalties for sex offenses. to improve this situation, similar to criminal penalties should minimize the special law and criminal law to allow all of the rules should be applied, criminal law in a changing social situation should be amended to respond properly to fit. The purpose of this study, criminal penalties for sex offense in the current criminal system should review the terms of redundancy and is to develop ways to improve. through this, in criminal law, redundancy provisions should be deleted and revised. and 1 want to propose the necessary provisions to the legislation.

멀티미디어 영어교육의 문제점 해결 방안

이덕만 ( Duk Man Lee ) 조선대학교 인문학연구원 2000 인문학연구 Vol.24 No.-

The use of multimedia Computers in EFL classrooms is becoming obligatory on Korean English teachers and computer-based multimedia products are becoming more popular nowadays. The majority of the people in Korea seem to have positive views on the potentials and values of multimedia English teaching and learning. Multimedia have truly many great advantages for TEFL. It seems to do many things which Korean English teachers are unable to do. However, in spite of the general effectiveness of multimedia English teaching, there are many issues and problems which should be resolved to achieve the goals of English education in Korea. English teachers should know the potential problems and try to eliminate them from their English classrooms. To this end, this paper will first review some principles which will support multimedia English teaching and advantages of multimedia. Then, it will focus on some major problems of multimedia English teaching and discuss solutions to them. Finally, I suggest that teachers take more active role in determining how multimedia system should be used and that technology be employed as a means to improve language skills.

조직폭력범죄에 관한 범죄개념의 재구성

이덕인(Lee Deok-In) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2008 東亞法學 Vol.- No.41

We cannot raise different opinions against the fact that organized violence crimes are serious and cannot be overcome comparing to the effects on the society. However, it is judged that the organized violence crimes are exaggerated and different form the reality as reviewed before. Not only practitioners but also researchers are responsible for this. Overly diversified concept definition makes us misunderstand the exterior of organized violence crimes and it is evident that empirical research is impossible. We can point out the problems that there was no consensus in professional group as well as the research direction was wrong from the beginning. Additionally, domestic researchers worsened the ambiguity of the concept of the crime by riding on the international research trend without verification. It caused the errors in the approach to the characteristics of the organized violence crimes, and furthermore they considered this abnormal research trend justifiable which sticks to the countermeasures in the aspect of comparative law. Therefore, if we do not correct these problems, confirm the criminal exterior of organized violence crimes and establish the countermeasure against the organized violence crimes by analyzing criminal characteristics and crime typology accordingly, it will make depart the theory from the reality as well as interfere the establishment of the administrational policy for social defense. Therefore researchers and working level workers need to think over and solve the problems. We need to think over and continue the research to establish a doable crime enforcement policy from the effective countermeasures against the organized violence crimes.

진공 챔버를 활용한 오일 속 수분 제거 연구

이덕한(Deokhan Lee),서창빈(Changbin Seo),배근동(GeunDong Bae),전현종(Hyeonjong Jeon),박태현(Taehyun Park) 한국기계가공학회 2021 한국기계가공학회 춘추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.12