고려 전기의 대민의료체제

이경록(Lee Kyung-Lock) 한국사연구회 2007 한국사연구 Vol.139 No.-

This article explores the view of medicine and the medical agencies for the people during the Goryeo Dynasty. And the medical policy of Goryeo, especially the way of answer to the ruling system, is also examined. People of Goryeo who regarded the diseases as the results from the maladministration and famine responded with the amnesty, praying to God, almsgiving, and medicine. And medical agencies for the people such as Jeweebo(濟危寶), Yakjeom(藥店), Dongseodaebiwon(東西大悲院) and Hyeminkuk(惠民局) were established one after the other in phase with medical development. These agencies which started as temporary organizations had been developed as the regular agencies under the reign of King Hyunjong(A.D.1009~1031), Moonjong(A.D. 1046~1083), and Injong(A.D.1122~1146). The fact that Jeweebo, Dongseodaebiwon, and Hyeminkuk had been located in the capital indicates capital-centered medical policy. Although medicine had got generalization with the medical agencies for the people, managerial principle of medical system was hierarchy accordance with the regional difference and class distinctions. And some of these agencies which had the almsgiving function in addition to treatment function shows the underdevelopment of the medical system. On the other hand it was also the distinctive feature of Goryeo reflecting the mixing medicine with relief for the people. Especially medicine for the people was the essential part of relief measure of Goryeo. And people had obligation of supporting the financial crises. So it can be said that both sides were mutual dependence. The relationship between the ruling class and the governed was regarded as the relationship between father and son. So the Principle of proper levy(取民有度) was the important motto since the early days of Goryeo.

고려와 조선전기 중풍의 사회사

이경록(Lee Kyung-lock) 한림대학교 태동고전연구소 2013 泰東古典硏究 Vol.30 No.-

이 글에서는 고려와 조선전기 중풍 관념의 전개 과정과 그 영향을 살펴보 았다. 고려전기에 문종을 비롯한 지배층은 중풍을 치료받았으며, 신집어의촬 요방에서는 중풍 처방을 수록하였다.하지만 중풍 지식이 대중화되는 것은 고려후기에 들어서였다. 향약구급방 에는 일반 백성들의 중풍을 치료하는 처방 9가지가 들어 있다. 여말선초의 향약의서들에서는 민간의 경험방들이 쏟아졌다. 질병으로부터 자유롭고자 하는 욕망의 소산였다. 고려 이래로 중풍이론이 심화되면서 중풍의 증상, 처방, 약재는 점차 확대 되었다. 그 결과 조선전기에 중풍은 가장 중요한 질병이자 일상적인 질병으로 정착되었다. 하지만 보편적인 질병이 된 중풍의 치료는 지배층들에 의해 주도 되었다. 중풍의 보편화가 중풍의 권력화를 가져오기도 한 것이다. 이처럼 중풍의 확대 과정에서 고려와 조선 사회의 의료화를 확인할 수 있다. In this article, I explored the history and the influence of the stroke during the Goryeo(高麗) and the early days of the Joseon(朝鮮). In the early days of the Goryeo, the ruling class including the king Munjong (文宗) accepted the stroke concept of the Chinese medicine. The stroke of the king Munjong was treated by the Chinese traditional doctors. And the Sinjibeouichwaryobang(新集御醫撮要方), published in 1226, included quite a little prescriptions of the stroke. However, knowledge of the stroke was popularized until the the later days of the Goryeo. The Hyangyakgugeupbang(鄕藥救急方), which was edited for the people, included 9 kinds of the stroke prescription. And so many private prescriptions of the people were poured during the end of the Goryeo and the early days of the Joseon. It was the result of a desire to free from the stroke. As the stroke theory was intensified since the Goryeo, the symptoms, the prescriptions, and medicine had been expanded gradually. In the early days of the Joseon, the stroke became the most important disease and the popular disease. However, the treatment of the stroke was led by the ruling class. It means that treatment of the stroke was useful for the maintenance of power. Therefore, based on the history of the stroke we make certain of the medicalization of the Goryeo and the Joseon society.

고려전기의 지방의료제도

이경록(LEE Kyung-Lock) 大韓醫史學會 2007 醫史學 Vol.16 No.2

This article explores the setup and development of the provincial medical system during the early days of Koryo(高麗, 918~1392) Dynasty. Under the reign of King HyunJong(顯宗, 1009~1031) the dualistic medical system of the UiSa(醫師, a medical officer) and the YakJumSa(藥店史, a provincial medical officer) was established. The former, the officer of central government, were sent to the local government, and the latter, the successor of provincial powerful clan, operated the YakJum(藥店). The Uisa supervised the YakJumSa in 13 local governments, and it indicates the will and the limitation of the power of Koryo government. On the other hand, a great number of the YakJumSa were spreaded throughout the country except the capital and the vice capital, and it means the development of medical system during the early days of Koryo. The missions of the Uisa and the YakJumSa were instructing the medical students, collecting the tribute herbs, treatment, and relieve the poor people. And they just took the right of collecting tax of the land as their salaries, and it was different from the another officers. This dualistic medical system of the UiSa and the YakJumSa got under way in the reign of King MoonJong(文宗, 1046-1083). But after the reign of King YeJong(睿宗, 1105-1122) the YakJumSa became the only provincial medical officer as the UiSa had been perished for reducing the ruling system. So the monistic medical system of the YakJumSa was the final provincial medical system of Koryo. Despite accomplishing the nationwide medical network with the YakJumSa, Koryo government failed to maintain and develop the provincial medical system with the UiSa. And it caused the difference of medical standard between the ruling class of the capital and the people of the province. Therefore, it can be said that the important principal of the medical system of Koryo was hierarchy accordance with the regional difference.

조선 세종대 향약 개발의 두 방향

이경록(Lee, Kyung-Lock) 한림대학교 태동고전연구소 2010 泰東古典硏究 Vol.26 No.-

조선의 본초학은 세종대를 기점으로 새로운 단계에 진입하였다. 세종대에는 약재 종류의 급증은 물론 군현별로 품질까지 파악하였으며, 적극적인 증산 정책도 추진되었다. 세종대 향약의 개발 과정을 규명하기 위해 이 글에서는 ≪ 경상도지리지≫, ≪향약채취월령≫, ≪향약집성방≫, ≪세종실록ㆍ지리지≫등을 분석 하였다. 특히 약재 생산의 변동과 그 의미를 양(量)과 질(質)의 두 방향으로 나누어 검토하였다. 우선 양의 측면에서는 지리지 편찬으로 전국의 실태를 파악하면서 약재 생산 지역을 확장하는 동시에 외래 약재의 토산화를 진행하였다. 질의 측면에서는 토산 약재의 약성에 관한 이해가 심화되면서 채취ㆍ포제법ㆍ사용법 연구 성과를 ≪향약채취월령≫과 ≪향약집성방≫ 향약본초 등에 담았다. 전자는 약재 종류 및 생산의 폭을 넓히려는 노력이고 후자는 약재 활용의 깊이를 더하려는 시도였다. 향약 개발을 위한 양과 질의 두 방향에 걸친 노력은 ≪세종실록ㆍ지리지≫에서 종합되었다. ≪세종실록ㆍ지리지≫에서는 약재 384종을 수록하면서 종양약 재(種養藥材) 항목까지 설정하였다. 향약의 파악과 증산이 성과를 거두면서 조선 전기 의료의 확대를 뒷받침하였던 것이다. This article explores the development of the Hyangyak(鄕藥, Korean traditional herbs) during the era of King Sejong(世宗) in the Chosŏn(朝 鮮) Dynasty. The herbal medicine of the Chosŏn entered the new stage at the era of King Sejong. In the reign of Sejong, there had been a noticeable increase in kinds of herbs. Besides understanding the quality of herbs by provinces, the Chosŏn government also had pushed ahead with increase policy of herbs. This article analyzes the ≪Gyeongsandojiliji(慶尙道地理志)≫, ≪ Hyangyakchaechuiworlryung(鄕藥採取月令)≫, ≪Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕 藥集成方)≫, geography of ≪Sejongsilrok(世宗實錄)≫ to determine the process of the development of the Hyangyak. Especially, this study argues the change of herbs production and its meaning in terms of both quality and quantity. By quantity measures, understanding the nationwide actual condition of herbs was carried out by the medium of compiling geographies such as ≪Gyeongsandojiliji(慶尙道地理志)≫. It leaded to expanding the growing area of herbs and indigenizing the foreign herbs. By quality measures, improving their knowledge about the traditional herbs was included in the medical books such as ≪Hyangyakchaechuiworlryung(鄕藥採取月令)≫ and ≪Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕 藥集成方)≫. The former was effort to extending the kinds of herbs and its production, while the latter was exertion to deepen the use of herbs. The unremitting endeavor to the development of the Hyangyak was synthesized by compiling the geography of ≪Sejongsilrok(世宗實錄)≫. It contains 384 entries of traditional herbs, and create the ‘plantation herbs for each province. The profound understanding of the traditional herbs and the successful increase of its production supported the enlargement of medical care during the early days of the Chosŏn.

수교와 교섭의 시기 한러관계 고려초기 구료제도의 형성 -광종대와 성종대를 중심으로-

이경록 ( Kyung Lock Lee ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2008 大東文化硏究 Vol.61 No.-

고려시대의 의료제도와 그 성격

이경록(Kyung-Lock Lee),신동환(Dong-Hwan Shin) 大韓醫史學會 2001 醫史學 Vol.10 No.2

조선전기 『의방유취』의 성취와 한계 : 상한에 대한 인식을 중심으로

이경록 ( Kyung Lock Lee ) 한국과학사학회 2012 한국과학사학회지 Vol.34 No.3

Euibangyoochui 醫方類聚, edited in 1445 under the reign of King Sejong 世宗, was a kind of the oriental medical encyclopedia. This article explores the achievements and limitations of the Euibangyoochui focusing on the part of the Cold Damage 傷寒門. I looked into the configuration of the Euibangyoochui through the introductory notes. The editors of the Euibangyoochui had collected the vast amount of medical theories and prescriptions from the ancient times until the early days of the Ming 明 Dynasty. Besides the herb therapies, they compiled the diet therapies, the contraindications, the acupuncture and moxibustion, and the training such as deep breathing and meditation which could supported the treatment. The editors of the Euibangyoochui had collected various diseases as much as possible. And the diseases organization of the Euibangyoochui such as the Cold Damage diseases, contagious diseases, febrile diseases and other complications reflects the strong will of the Joseon government intended to control all kind of the diseases. Through the compilation of the Euibangyoochui, the Joseon medical scientists learned the medical theories and the prescriptions had been changed depending on the era and the situation. And it meant that the Joseon has to have her own medical theory, because the climate and era of the Joseon is different from that of the China. So the Euibangyoochui became the forerunner of the Korean medical work Donguibogam 東醫寶鑑 which was published in 1613. On the other hand, easy-to-use medical books and first aid handy books translated into Korean were published because the Euibangyoochui was too complicated and massive to use.

몸의 소비: 조선전기의 인육치료

이경록(Lee, Kyung-Lock) 의료역사연구회 2019 의료사회사연구 Vol.4 No.1

이 글에서는 조선전기의 인육치료(人肉治療) 양상을 살펴보고 그 의학적인 배경과 역사적인 배경을 추적하였다. 그리고 인육치료를 둘러싼 당시의 논란을 사상적인 측면에서 검토함으로써 성리학적인 사고방식이 어떻게 조선 사람들의 몸까지 지배하게 되었는지를 분석하였다. 환자가 위급한 지경에 빠졌을 때 조선에서는 단지(斷指)와 할고(割股)로 대응하는 경우가 많았다. 단지할고는 손가락이나 넓적다리를 잘라서 피와 살과 뼈를 환자에게 먹이는 인육치료법이었다. 조선에서 인육치료는 사회적으로 불리한 집단이었던 여성·자식·노비 등에게 일방적으로 요구되는 의무였다. 가족이 병들었을 때 단지할고를 하는 것은 예외적인 사례가 아니라 의도적으로 강요되었던 것이다. 대신 이들에게는 인육치료에 대한 경제적이고 사회적인 보상이 주어졌다. 한편 조선정부로서는 효행이나 절의를 장려하기 위해서 인육치료라는 자극적인 방식을 선택하였다. 포상과 관찬 기록을 통해서 단지할고를 조장한 이유는 ‘지치(至治)’라고 표현되는 성리학의 나라를 건설하기 위해서였다. 이처럼 인육치료는 몸[人體]에 대한 성리학의 지배를 상징적으로 보여준다. 성리학은 조선 사람들의 정신을 지배할 뿐만 아니라 몸까지 장악해나갔다. In this article, I discussed the medical Cannibalism(人肉治療) patterns of the early Joseon Dynasty and traced the medical and historical background. And it analyzed how Neo-Confucianism s mindset came to dominate the bodies of the Joseon people by reviewing the controversy surrounding Medical Cannibalism in an ideological way. In Joseon, when the patients fell into a critical situation, people often responded with medical cannibalism such as Danji(斷指, Finger-cutting to heal patient) and Halgo(割股, Thigh-cutting to heal patient). Performing the Danji and Halgo when the family was ill was not an exceptional case but intentionally forced. In other words, Medical Cannibalism was a one-sided duty imposed on women, children, slaves and others who were socially disadvantaged groups. Instead, they were given economic and social rewards for medical cannibalism. On the other hand, the Joseon government chose a shocking method called Medical Cannibalism to encourage filial piety and chastity. The reason for the emphasis of Danji and Halgo through economic and social rewards and official records was to build the country of Neo-Confucianism, which is described as ‘Jitchie(至治, the Ultimate Governing Ideology)’. In short, Neo-Confucianism not only controlled the spirit of the Joseon people but also took control of their bodies.

鄕藥에서 東醫로

이경록(Lee Kyung-Lock) 역사학회 2011 역사학보 Vol.0 No.212

This article explores the relationship between Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方) and East Asian medicine. The core theory of the Hyangyakjipseongbang, which was published in 1433, was composed of three categories based etiology(三因說) of the Song(宋) dynasty, the twelve meridian system(12經絡論), and five movements and six energies(五運六氣論). Moreover, the most important references of the Hyangyakjipseongbang were medical books of the Song dynasty. So it can be said that Chos?n medical scientists made efforts to accept the Song medicine. The accepted Chinese medical theory and the Chinese disease system of the Hyangyakjipseongbang was a result of reflection of the true state and demands of Chos?n society. The extent of the production of the Hyangyak(鄕藥) shows the range of Chos?nization of contemporary Chinese medicine. Medicine of the early Chos?n period accepted the Chinese disease system on its own initiative. Furthermore, Chos?n medical scientists had constructed the Chos?n disease system with Korean traditional herbs and prescriptions based upon their experience. Since the publication of the Hyangyakjipseongbang, ‘Hyangyak’ entered a new phase of development, aiming to treat all kinds of East Asian diseases with traditional Korean herbs. The new phase was called Dongui(東醫, Chos?n medical system).

조선전기 감초의 토산화와 그 의미

이경록(LEE Kyung-Lock) 대한의사학회 2015 醫史學 Vol.24 No.2

This article explores the indigenization of licorice(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) which was the most important medicine of the Oriental Medicine. There are a lot of records on licorice even before the Joseon Dynasty. The licorice had been used mainly in stomach related diseases such as food poisoning or indigestion. But the licorice was an imported medicine until the early days of the Joseon Dynasty. As the Joseon Dynasty began, the licorice production became necessary with the investigation and obtaining the herbs. And a large amount of licorice was needed when the epidemics outbroke under the reign of King Sejong(世宗). In particular, the licorice had been essential in treating the diseases of the Cold Damage which was focused in the Joseon Dynasty. That was why King Sejong ordered to plant the licorice in the Chollado province and Hamgildo province in 1448. But the licorice cultivation was not easy for two reasons. First, it was difficult to find the proper soil for proper soil for planting. Second, the people didn’t actively grow the licorice, because they had to devote the licorice as the tax when the indigenization of licorice was succeeded. King Sejo(世祖) and King Seongjong(成宗) encouraged the people to plant the licorice. The recognition that the licorice is essential in pediatric diseases such as smallpox got stronger then before. Finally the indigenization of licorice was completed under the reign of King Seongjong. According to the Dongguknyeojiseungnam(東國輿地勝覽), edited in 1481, and Shinjeungdongguknyeojiseungnam(新增東國輿地勝覽), edited in 1530, the licorice was planted in seven districts. With the success of the indigenization of licorice, the approach of the people to the Oriental Medicine treatment had became much easier.