마틴 루터가 근대 인간교육사상에 미친 영향

신병준(Shin Byung Jun) 한독교육학회 2004 교육의 이론과 실천 Vol.9 No.2

루터는 종교개혁자만이 아니라 교육사상가요 교육개혁가로서의 역사적 의의를 지닌다. 그는 중세 수도원학교나 교회학교에서 실시되던 ‘성직자 위주의 교육’ 개념으로부터 탈피하여 교육을 ‘모든 인간을 대상으로 하는 개념’으로 확대시켰다고 할 수 있으며, 지식 혹은 도덕 교육에서 탈피하여 전인적 인간을 구상하는 획기적인 인간교육관을 주장하였다. 기독교 사상에 기반을 두고 있는 루터의 인간교육은 자기에게 주어진 여건 속에서 하나님과 교회와 국가 그리고 사회에 대한 봉사자를 양성하고 인간이 타락하여 상실한 하나님의 형상(Image of God)을 회복하며, 자기에게 주어진 모든 가능성을 계발시키는 것이었다. 루터는 근대 인간교육사상인 자유와 평등, 직업에 대한 소명을 통한 하나님의 말씀을 삶의 전 영역에 적용시키는 삶의 기초를 제공하였고, 가정교육과 학교교육, 교회교육의 중요성을 강조하여 근대 인간교육의 초석을 놓았다. 본 연구는 이러한 루터의 근대 인간교육관 형성에 미친 주요한 점들을 중심으로 논의하였다. It was Ruther’s anguish he alone underwent without the other’s recognition for previous several years and the long time’s awakening that he shook the European heaven under the flag of Protestant Reformation. He got conclusions and believed firmly as followings after long time’s anguish. God gives, and never sells or buys His grace. “So nobody can get it from money.” It was “The just shall live by faith” written in section17, Chapter1 of Romans, Paul, the apostle’s first letter that backed his faiths. In addition, St. Augustinus’s books backed his faith. The relieved “is not selected based on merits, but selected based on Christ’s grace. That is, his/her definition is recognized by the free benefits.” This words and sentences of the bible gave the lights of soul, and enabled hopes, courages and freedom to be embraced in the soul of Ruther who wondered in the darkness. It means that the sacrifice of a human being can not be attained by his/her endeavors, but by believing Jesus Christ, and accepting Him as a Messiah. Multi-birth of the soul is attained by God’s grace, and it is not attained by human being’s merits compensated based on human’s endeavors. This thought of Ruther resisted the doctrine of Roman Catholic, the church of the medieval age, in the front and presented the true freedom for the publics suffered from suppressions and pains. He asserted that human being without any discrimination of class including churchman, emperor, and farmer is equal in front of God, and he/she should not be discriminated about himself/herself as a human being though there is difference in role. In addition, he asserted that all jobs is generated based on call of God, and they are not noble or humble. He opened the education of the human being in the modern age, asserting the thoughts of equality different from those of the medieval times. The summons of ‘Freedom’, ‘equality’, ‘job’, Ruther’s thoughts of education of human being in the modern age were succeeded to Calvin after historical period, and influenced the educational thoughts of Comenius and Pestalozzi greatly, and became the historical background which established the basis of education of human being in the modern age. Ruther’s christian thoughts offered the basis of life applied God’s sayings in all of the areas of life, and emphasized the importance of home education, school education, and church education still more. In addition, he asserted the education from the cradle. Ruther occupied the superior position in the protestant reformer as well as educational reformer. In addition, he still influences us living in the present time.

전위성 경골 과간 융기 골절의 관절경적 치료

이병일(Byung-Ill Lee),민경대(Kyung-Dae Min),장인관(In-Kwan Jang),서유성(You-Sung Suh),신병준(Byung-Jun Shin),김연일(Yeon-Il Kim),나수균(Soo-Kyoon Rah),최창욱(Chang-Uk Choi) 대한정형외과학회 2000 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.35 No.1

코메니우스의 교사상 연구

노상우(Sang Woo Ro),신병준(Byung Jun Shin) 한독교육학회 2003 교육의 이론과 실천 Vol.8 No.2

코메니우스에게 교육의 존재 근거는 기독교적인 하나님이다. 그의 교육의 방향은 하나님에게로 귀결되고, 학교의 지식은 하나님, 자연, 인간의 상호 관계성에서 획득하는 것으로 이해하고 있다. 그는 교육의 내용을 인간의 유기적인 속성과 자연사물과의 관계에서 분석하고 있다. 코메니우스의 교사상의 전제인 인간관은 자연의 모든 사물들을 알 수 있는 합리적 존재로서, 자기 자신과 자연의 모든 사물들을 제어할 수 있는 모든 피조물들의 지배자로서, 하나님의 형상을 입은 존재이다. 인간이 합리적 존재라는 것은 자연세계를 구성하고 있는 모든 사물들을 분별하며 숙고할 수 있는 ‘지성’, 다른 생명체들의 외적 내적 행위와 움직임과의 관계에서 조화와 자유를 보장하는 ‘덕성’, 그리고 하나님의 형상을 입은 인간은 인간의 원형인 창조주의 전지전능을 표현하는 ‘경건’을 소유하고 있다고 보았다. 코메니우스는 17세기 전통적이고 형식적인 교육이 비효율적임을 지적하며 이를 개선하기 위하여 과학적 관찰과 연구에 입각한 새 교수법을 창안하여 현대교육의 기반을 형성하였고, 비능률적이고 단편적인 교수법과 강제적이고 폭력적인 교사로부터 학생들이 보호를 받으며 학습할 수 있는 구체적인 교사상을 제시하였다. 이러한 교사는 자연 세계의 모든 사물들의 관계와 존재 이유를 과학정신에 근거한 합리적 탐구와 분석에 의하여 발견한 자연의 원리와 과학적 방법, 직관을 교수방법으로 삼고 있다. 코메니우스는 이와 같은 교육사상, 교육내용, 교수방법을 통해 청소년들에게 교육함으로써 세계변혁을 이룰 수 있다는 확신을 가진 ‘세계의 교사(teacher of nations)’였다. 본고는 이러한 코메니우스의 교사상을 기독교적인 측면과 전인교육적 측면, 그리고 교수방법적 측면에서 탐구하고 있다. For Comenius, the foundation for the existence of this world is the Christian God. He understood that, as the systematical world, this world was created by God and so was moved by God, and then the direction of such movement resulted in God. On the interrelation among God, nature, and human beings, he regarded nature as “the school for the wisdoms of God”, so he recognized that human beings could learn the diverse knowledge in the school of nature. According to him, the human reason for the insight into this world was presented by God in order to identify the world of God, so that such human reason could not be separated from the religious belief. As the basis of Comenius’ educational philosophy, his views of religion, human being, and nature were closely related to the Protestant theological view of the world. Also, Comenius analyzed the contents of education in connection with human organic attributes and structures. He understood human beings from the theological viewpoint, so he had been deeply interested in the correlation between human original attributes and education. He recognized human beings as the rational beings, who could know all the things of nature, and as the rulers of all creatures, who could control human beings themselves and all the things of nature, and as the beings, who resembled the shape of God. According to him, here, that human beings are rational beings, means that they have their own “intelligence”, which can discern and deliberate all the things of the natural world. And that human beings control all the other creatures, means that human beings possess their own “morality”, which can guarantee harmony and liberty through their rational competence in relation to themselves, others, or even the external and internal actions and movements of other creatures. And also, that human beings resemble the shape of God, means that they contain their own “piety”, which can express the omniscience and omnipotence of the Creator as the archetype of human beings. Then, Comenius criticized the traditional and formal education of those days as inefficient. In order to improve such inefficient education, he created his new teaching method based on scientific observations and researches, so he established the basis of modern education. With firm confidence in this new teaching method, he presented his concrete learning theory, which could protect his students from inefficient and fragmentary teaching methods, and from compulsory and violent teachers. The characteristics of his teaching method focused on the principle of nature, the scientific method, and the method of intuition, which could discover the relations and the reason of being in all the things of the natural world through the rational inquiry and analysis based on scientific spirits. Therefore, he was the teacher of nations, who had confidence that he could reform the world by educating his adolescents through such educational philosophy, educational contents, and teaching method.

거골의 골절-탈구에 대한 치험

최창욱(Chang Uk Choi),이병일(Byung Il Lee),신병준(Byung Jun Shin),김도권(Do Kweon Kim) 대한정형외과학회 1990 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.25 No.1

척추경 나사못을 이용한 척추관 협착증의 치료

최창욱(Chang Uk Choi),김연일(Yeon Il Kim),신병준(Byung Jun Shin),김도권(Do Kweon Kim) 대한정형외과학회 1989 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.24 No.6

고관절의 Lipoma Arborescens

서유성(You-Sung Suh),황재영(Jae-Young Hwang),이동화(Dong-Wha Lee),신병준(Byung-Jun Shin),나수균(Soo-Kyun Rah),최창욱(Chang-Uk Choi) 대한정형외과학회 1994 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.29 No.4

척추경 나사못 기기의 생존분석

신병준,김경제,김성태,김연일 대한척추외과학회 1999 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.6 No.3

연구계획 : 다양한 척추병변에서 척추경 나사못의 생존분석을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 연구목적 : 척추경 나사못의 생존율을 분석하고 어떠한 요소들이 생존에 영향을 미치는지 평가하여 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1988년 5월부터 1998년 12월까지 총 338례에서 척추경 나사못이 시행되었는데 남자가 178례, 여자가 168례였다. 추시기간은 3개월부터 116개월까지 평균 26.8개월이었다. 전체적인 척추경 나사못 기기의 생존율과 척추 병변, 유합한 분절수, 사용한 기기별 및 유합의 방법에 따른 나사못 기기의 생존율을 생명표법을 이용하여 추정하 였다. 기기의 사망으로 평가한 기준으로 1) 나사못이나 봉의 파손 2) 5도 이상 나사못의 구부러진 것 3 )나사못이 척추체나 척추경에서 빠져나온 것 4) 나사못과 봉사이에 해리가 된 것으로 정의하였다. 결과 : 척추경 나사못 기기의 사망은 26례(7.7%)에서 발생하였는데 나사못이 파손되거나 구부러진 것이 20례, 척추에서 빠져나온 것이 4례, 나사못과 봉 사이에 해리가 발생한 것이 2례였다. 총 1827개의 척추경 나사못이 사용되었으며 그 중 43개(2.4%)의 나사못이 부러지거나( 28개) 구부러(15개)졌으며, 기기별로는 CD 나사못이 39개(3.5%) , Diapason이 4개(1.6%)였다. 생명표법을 이용한 분석에서 척추경 나사못의 10년 추시 시 생존율은 88.7%로 예상되었다. 고정 분절에 따라서는 단분절 고정시 10년 추시 생존율은 93.3 %로 삼분절 이상 고정했을 때 83.4 %보다 높았으며, 원인 병변으로는 골절이 78.3%로 가장 낮았고, 유합방법에 따른 차이는 없었다. 척추경 나사못 사망의 원인은 추간판 공간의 붕괴가 12례, 후만변형이 6례, 골절의 무리한 정복이 3례, 감염이 2례, 불유합이 2례, 외상이 1례로 추정되었다. 결론 : 척추경 나사못의 10년 생존율은 88.7%였으며 생존율에 영향을 미친 요인으로는 다분절 유합과 병변의 원인 특히 골절에서 사망률이 높았다. Study Design : This is a retrospective study analyzing survivorship of pedicle screw fixation in various spinal lesions. Objectives : To determine the survivorship of pedicle screw fixation and to assess the risk factors for the death of system. Summary of Literature Review : The previous reports of ten years survival rate of pedicle screw instruments was about eighty percent and the factors which influenced were bone quality, strength of instruments, design of instruments and compliance of patients. Materials and Methods : Three hundred and thirty-eight patients(178 males and 160 females), treated by pedicle screw fixation from May 1988 to Dec. 1997, were analysed. Follow-up averaged 26.8months(3 to 116 months). The survival rates according to spinal lesions which caused spinal fixation, types of instruments, level of fusion and methods of fusion were predicted by life table method. The criteria of death were 1)breakage of screw or rod 2)gross bending of screw>5 degree 3)screw pullout and 4)dissociation of rod-screw coupling mechanism. Results : Death of instrumentation was identified in twenty-six patients(7.7%). Of the 1,827 screws used, forty-three screws(2.4%) in twenty patients had broken(28) or bent(15). Thirty-nine Cotrel-Dubousset screws(3.5%) and four Diapason screws(1.6%) had involved. Four patients showed pullout of screws and two had dissociation of rod and screw. There was no rod broken. Life table calculations predicted the survivorship of instrumentation would be 88.7% at 10 years of follow-up. Single segment fixation showed higher survival rate than more than three segments fixation(93.3% vs 83.4%). Fracture had the lowest survival rate(78.3%). Screw failure was not influenced by the method of fusion. Suspected causes of death were collapse of disc space(12 patients), increased kyphosis(6), forceful reduction of fracture(3), infection(2), nonunion(2) and trauma(1). Conclusions : Ten year survival rate of pedicle screw fixaion was 88.7%. The survival rate was influenced by 1)number of fixed segments 2)cause of fixation .

요추 추간판탈출증 수술 후 임상 증상의 회복

신병준,김준범,조영훈,권희,서유성,김연일,나수균,최창욱 대한척추외과학회 1997 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.4 No.2

Study Design : The authors retrospectively analysed the recovery of clinical symptoms after surgical treatment of lumbar HIVD. Objectives : To investigate the incidence of clinical symptoms, the recovery rate and time after surgical treatment and the difference between L4-5 and L5-S1 lesion. Summary of Literature Review : There are many reports concerning the clinical result of surgical treatment for the HIVD. They usually describe the result as excellent, good, fair and poor. We can't get any information about the recovery rate and recovery time of each clinical symptom from the reports. Materials and Methods : Thirty-eight patients were treated by one level open discectomy from march 1991 to december 1995. The clinical symptoms and signs including SLR, motor deficit, sensory deficit, change of DTR and severity of radiating pain were periodically followed up on the predesigned protocol, Results : In preoperative examination, SLR was positive in 82%, motor deficit in 76%, sensory deficit in 74%, DTR change in 50%, and radiating pain in 100%. The recovery rate of SLR was 96.8%, motor deficit ; 93.6%, sensory deficit ; 78.6%, DTR change ; 21 % and radiating pain ; 84.2%. The average recovery time of SLR was 3.4 months, motor deficit ; 1.9 months, sensory deficit ; 5.3 months, DTR change ; 4.1 months and radiating pain ; 3.2 months. Motor and sensory deficit was more frequent in L4-5 lesion but DTR change was usually noted in L5-S] lesion. The recovery rate and time showed no great difference between the two level. Conclusions : The recovery rate was higher in SLR, motor deficit and radiating pain rather than sensory deficit and DTR change. The recovery time was fastest in radiating pain but variable nature was noted in sensory deficit. Above results may be helpful to explain the prognosis of the lumbar HIVD.

편측성 다발성 요추부 횡돌기 골절의 임상적 의의

신병준,권희,김준범,김연일,김동수,나수균,최창욱 대한척추외과학회 1996 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.3 No.2

수술소견상 확인된 불완전 요추간판 탈출증과 완전탈출증의 비교

신병준,김준범,서유성,김연일,나수균 대한척추외과학회 1998 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.5 No.1

Study Design : The authors retrospectively analysed the difference of clinical natures in contained vs. ruptured HIVD. Objective : To compare contained HIVD with ruptured HIVD in respect of clinical symptoms, signs and the result after surgery. Summary of Literature Review : In contained disc herniation, the disc material remains beneath the intact outer annulus. But, once disc material penetrates through the limit of posterior annulus, it is a ruptured herniation or disc extrusion/sequestration. There is few report concerning the clinical characteristics related to type of herniation. Materials and Methods : Forty-six patients, treated by open discectomy from March 1990 to December 1994, were followed up for minimum two years. The clinical symptoms and signs including SLR, motor deficit, sensory deficit, change of DTR, and severity of radiating pain were periodically followed up on the predesigned protocol. Result : Twenty patients had contained disc and remaining 26 had ruptured disc. The mean age of contained disc was 31.4 years and that of ruptured disc was 43.3 years. In preoperative examination, 18/26 cases of patients with ruptured discs, developed pain in less than 3 months, compared with 7/20 cases of does with contained ones. Motor deficit was positive i n 25/26 cases (96.2%) of ruptured discs and 12/20 cases (60%) of contained ones. 23/26 cases (80.8%) of patients with ruptured discs, had sensory deficit compared with 12/20 cases (60%) of those with contained ones. There was no significant differnce in SLR and DTR change between ruptured and contained disc. Conclusions : Factors such as age, motor and sensory deficits and duration of symptoms had correlation with the type of herniation, but SLR and DTR change showed no statistical difference in this study. Clinical outcome showed no significant difference between two groups, but in ruptured group, the reasults were getting worse with the time goes. On the basis of this study, we concluded that the clinical symptoms and signs were different between the two groups, but surgical results showed no statistical difference.