[역비논단] 독일의 뒤늦은 과거청산 - 나치하 외국인 강제노역자에 대한 보상을 중심으로

송충기(Song chung-ki) 역사비평사 2005 역사비평 Vol.- No.73

68운동과 그 역사화

송충기(Song Chung-ki) 역사비평사 2007 역사비평 Vol.- No.78

독일 바이마르공화국 시기의 평화운동과 평화주의 - ‘조직적 평화주의’에서 ‘급진적 평화주의’로

송충기 ( Song Chungki ) 강원대학교 통일강원연구원 2023 평화들 PEACES Vol.2 No.1

본 논문은 독일 바이마르공화국 시기에 평화운동이 내부적으로 분열함으로써 파시즘의 등장에 맞서 제대로의 역할을 하지 못한 이유를 당시 가장 큰 조직이었던 <독일평화협회>의 활동을 분석하여 찾고자 한다. 제1차 세계대전 직후 평화운동은 고조되었고, <독일평화협회>도 조직적으로 발전했다. 특히 전쟁 이전에 명망가 중심의 협회가 이제는 대중에 기반한 활동적인 조직으로 바뀌었다. 이러한 새로운 조직적 변화를 기반으로 ‘급진적 평화주의’ 노선이 부상했다. 하지만 베르사유 조약과 프로이센 군국주의, 징집거부 등의 문제로 내부적으로 온건파인 ‘조직적 평화주의’와 ‘급진적 평화주의’가 대립했고 결국 공화국 말기 분열하고 말았다. 이렇게 분열된 <독일평화협회>는 정치적으로 더욱 고립되었고 결국 파시즘의 대두에 직면하여 별다른 저항하지 못했으며, 이로 인해 오랫동안 침체기를 맞이했다. This article aims to find out the factors why the peace movement during the Weimar Republic failed to play a proper role against the emergence of fascism by analyzing the activities of the German Peace Society, the largest organization at the time. After World War I, the anti-war protests spread greatly and the number of members of the Society also increased significantly. Especially the Society, which had been led by a few prominent figures before the war, was now transformed into an mass organization, in which a lot of workers were recruited. Based on these new organizational changes, the “radical pacifism” has emerged. However, moderate “organizational pacifism” and “radical pacifism” clashed over many political hot issues like the Treaty of Versailles, Prussian Militarism, and Refusal of Conscription and eventually split at the end of the republic. This fragmented German Peace Society became more politically isolated and eventually failed to resist the rise of fascism.

≪학술대회 발표논문≫ : 제2차 세계대전 이후 각국의 과거청산 : 미군정 정책과 " 탈나치화"(Entnazifizierung)작업

송충기 ( Chung Ki Song ) 대구사학회 2002 대구사학 Vol.69 No.-

현재주의(presentism)의 대두와 ‘현재사(history of the present)’

宋忠起(Song, Chungki) 역사교육연구회 2020 역사교육 Vol.154 No.-

‘Contemporary history’ has now been established and is generally recognized as a subdiscipline, which is dealing with the period following modern period. Now it is covering the post-1945 period including even the post-2000 period. However, a new historical methodology, which should be applied to the very close past, has not been developed, because historians do not fully understand the changing concept of the present. With the recent rise of presentism, these problems are becoming more apparent. First of all, the present should be historically understood with help of the new concepts such as Hartog’s regimes of historicity or Benjamin’s Karios. In conclusion, the very close past or the present should be studied not by the current historical methodologies already established in the fields of ‘the history of an epoch’, but by new ones to be developed.

역사학과 과거청산: 나치시대 역사가들을 어떻게 볼 것인가?

송충기 ( Chung Ki Song ) 대구사학회 2005 대구사학 Vol.80 No.-

역사의 정치화, 정치의 역사화: 독일 <현대사 연구소> 설립을 둘러싼 논쟁

송충기 ( Chung Ki Song ) 대구사학회 2007 대구사학 Vol.86 No.-

The Institute of Contemporary History [Institut fur Zeitgeschichte (IfZ)], located in Munich, has played a important role in the research of National Socialism. After 1945, many politician and historian were in a long debate on the foundation of the institute, because they had different concept and experience. Because of the unresolved dispute between historians and politicians, the Institute could not be established until 1950. Gerhard Kroll, the representative of politics, accused the historian of serving the regime during the Third Reich and called for the exclusion of historians from the institute, while as the first president of the "Society of German Historian", Gerhard Ritter, argued that the National Socialism should immediately be analyzed by historians, who also should not be reluctant in taking on contemporary issues as a history. As a "political" institute, which was to be a school of the nation, was needed no more, it made mainly a historical research of the National Socialism. But at that time the historian, including Ritter, could not develop a new method of contemporary history, so that they had often difficulty in examining the Third Reich. Particularly they could not separate the role of a historian from the one of a witness.

경험의 역사로서 독일 구술사

송충기(SONG, Chung-ki) 역사비평사 2013 역사비평 Vol.- No.102

This article aims to introduce the development of oral history in Germany to Korean readers. Immediately after the end of World War II in 1945, German contemporary historians made great efforts to document and clarify the period of the Third Reich, but they did so without contemporary witnesses, because for them oral interviews were not as valuable as written historical sources. It was only in the 1970s that oral history was ‘imported’ to (West) Germany by a prominent contemporary historian, Lutz Niethammer. He and his colleagues, Alexander von Plato among them, established oral history as a viable research tool in German historiography by carrying out several major oral history projects on the working classes in Ruhr region and in East Germany before reunification. They pointed out that oral history was a powerful tool for understanding people’s experiences,a notion which had not been widely accepted in German academic history. Oral history also played an important role in communication between workers and historians in the 1980s. Recently, many oral history projects have focused on ‘victims of history’, such as those who had been oppressed by the Nazis, Holocaust survivors, forced labourers, etc., where emphasis is placed on memory. Oral history in Germany has made a great contribution to deepening and widening its historiography, but it would be premature to paint a rosy picture for the future, because of the number of challenges it faces.

“고결한 정의의 원칙과 실질적인 평화의 복원” 사이에서: 제1차 세계대전 후 독일황제에 대한 전범재판의 시도

송충기 ( Chungki Song ) 한국서양사연구회(구 서울대학교 서양사연구회) 2019 서양사연구 Vol.0 No.60

The aim of this article is to review the attempt of the Allies to bring German Emperor Wilhelm II to international court as a war criminal shortly after World War I. The Article 227 of the Versailles Treaty laid down his responsibilities for ‘a supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties.’ None of the arrangements of the article, however, were to be effectuated, because the Emperor had already fled to the neutral Netherlands to seek political asylum. Thus the Nuremberg trial that took place after World War II became a milestone in the development of international law.Until recently the trial of the German Kaiser has been considered negative with words such as ‘a fiasco’ or ‘a failure’ mainly in terms of the development in international law. According to studies the lack of the efforts of the Allied Powers and differences of opinion among them caused ‘the failure’ of implementing the provision of the Treaty. Britain and France have made efforts to put the Kaiser on trial, while Woodrow Wilson and the american delegation, in fact, preferred a political solution over the legal punishment.This paper points out that the Allies laid more emphasis on ‘a restoration of real peace’ than ‘the high principles of justice’ over time. The Allies, especially Britain and France, which were initially drawn to the cheers of victory, called for the punishment of war criminals for ‘justice,’ but recognised gradually that their attempt might do harm ‘peace’ after the War. They gave up the trial, not because they would not deliver him to justice or there were some big legal problems, but because they were concerned much about the political situation of that time.(Kongju National University / chungkisong@gmail.com)

19세기 함부르크 도축장의 근대성 : 인간과 동물, 그리고 사물 사이의 연결망(Networks)

송충기(Song, Chungki) 한국독일사학회 2021 독일연구 Vol.- No.46

본 연구는 19세기 함부르크 도축장에서 일어난 발전을 최근에 나타난 동물사의 시각에서 라투르의 이론을 원용하여 해석하고자 했다. 기존의 연구에 따르면, 육류의 폭발적인 수요증가로 인해 대량생산체제가 작동되기 위해서는 근대적인 공공도축장의 탄생이 불가피했고, 또한 사회적으로 점차민감해지고 있었던 위생에 대한 요구에 함부르크 시정이 대응한 측면이 있다. 하지만 그것을 더 깊이 살펴보면, 도시에서 나타난 도축장의 변화에는동물존재의 의미를 희석하여 사물로 만드는 일종의 비동물화(deanimalization) 및 상품화(commodification)의 과정이 존재했다. 이러한 과정은 인간이 처음부터 의도했던 결과라기보다는 19세기에 발전한 사물(철도, 통계 그리고 계량기)이 인간과 동물 사이의 연결망을 만들어냄으로써이루어진 것으로 볼 수 있다. 곧 철도를 통해 가축시장과 도축장에 더 직접연결되어 가축을 시내에서 더 볼 수 없게 되었으며, 통계의 발전에서는 가축의 존재가 개별적인 특성을 잃어버리게 만들었고, 마지막으로 도축장에서 계량된 체중계량기를 사용함으로써 점차 가축의 부위별 체중이 중요시되면서 동물 개체의 특성을 잃었다. 이러한 세 연결망을 통해 고기가 가축으로부터 나왔다는 사실을 인식하기 어려워졌던 것이다. This study aims to interpret the development of the Hamburg slaughterhouse in the 19th century from the perspective of animal history that emerged recently. According to previous studies the creation of modern public abattoirs was resulted not only from centralized meet industry to operate due to the explosive demand for meat, but also from the hygiene policies of municipal governments responded to the increasingly socially sensitive issue of sanitation. It is true of Hamburg. However, it is also not to be overlooked in the development of the modern slaughterhouse that the living creature was distanced from the sympathy-inducing idea of the animals and reduced to the status of ‘things.’ By analyzing the historical documents of Staatsarchiv Hamburg and appropriating Bruno Latour’s theory (Act-Network-Theory), I will highlight that this processes of the deanimalization and the commodification of animals relied upon several networks between humans, animals, and things (in this case, railways-, statistics-, and weight scales-network), which were necessary for the invisibility of animalhood in the city and the minimization of direct interactions between the human and animals. For example, the railway-network brought livestock no longer visible in the city, the statistics-network deprived the livestock of its individualities, and the weight scale-network led to the partialization of animal body. In the long run, the three networks made difficult to see that all meat came from living animals.