가습기 살균제 사건에서 피해구제방안 - 인과관계 추정을 위한 역학적 인과관계 역할확대를 중심으로 -

박기학(Park, Ki-Hak),고문현(Koh, Moon-Hyun) 숭실대학교 법학연구소 2020 法學論叢 Vol.48 No.-

본 연구에서는 가습기 살균제에 노출된 피해자에게서 공통으로 발견되는 폐 질환은 ‘signature disease’라는 의학적 소견과 최근 개정된 가습기 살균제 피해구제를 위한 특별법 조문 중 인과관계 추정 시 역학적 상관관계의 역할을 명시한 점에 주목하고, 이로부터 가습기 살균제 사건에서 인과관계의 추정을 위한 역학적 인과관계의 역할확대방안을 도출하고자 하였다. 이에 가습기 살균제가 질병의 발생에 기여한 위험발생가능성을 역학 지표인 기여위험도 비율(A.I.R)을 통해 개연성 개념으로 해석할 수 있는 논리적 치환방안을 구축하였다. 그리하여 이 방안을 통해 기여위험도 비율(A.I.R)이 80% 이상이면 ‘고도의 개연성’을 의미한다는 사실을 확인하였고, 같은 방법으로 기여위험도 비율(A.I.R)이 50% 이상인 경우를 특정하고 이를 ‘우월적 개연성’이라고 명명하였다. 이로써 가습기 살균제로 인한 질환(폐 질환, 천식등)이 ‘Signature disease’로 판단된 가습기 살균제 피해사건에서 가습기 살균제와 이로 인한 질환(폐 질환, 천식 등) 간의 인과관계 입증 시 기존에 요구되던 입증수준인 ‘고도의 개연성’(A.I.R. 80% 이상)에 비해 완화된 개념의 ‘우월적 개연성’(A.I.R. 50% 이상) 수준에서 입증을 고려한다면, 결국엔 가습기 살균제로 인한 피해구제의 범위를 확대하는 효과를 기대할 수 있다. This study attention to the epidemiological survey results that the lung disease in victims exposed to humidifier disinfectants is signature disease, and the recent revision of the Special Act on the Relief of Humidifier Disinfectant, which specify the role of epidemiological correlation in estimating causality. And sought to derive from this a plan to expand the role of epidemiological causality to estimate causality in the humidifier disinfectant case. Thus, a logical substitution method was established to interpret the risk occurrence possibility that humidifier disinfectants contributed to the occurrence of disease as a concept of probability through the attributable incident ratio(A.I.R), an epidemiological indicator. Therefore, through this method, it was confirmed that if the contribution risk ratio (AIR) is 80% or more, it means ‘high probability", and in the same way, a case where the attributable incident ratio(AIR) is 50% or more is specified and this is called ‘superior probability". As a result, when estimating the causal relationship between the humidifier disinfectant and the damage by utilizing the epidemiologic correlation in the humidifier disinfectant case, the effect of expanding the scope of damage relief can be expected when considering the superior probability that is relaxed than the existing high probability.

생태독성을 고려한 CCS 전과정 영향평가 방법론 개발 연구

박기학 ( Ki Hak Park ),강헌 ( Hun Kang ) 한국전과정평가학회 2014 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.15 No.1

이산화탄소 포집 및 저장 (CCS)은 대량의 발생원으로부터 배출되는 이산화탄소를 포집 및 수송하여 적절한 지하장소에 저장하는 기술로써 온실가스 강축방안으로 크게 주목을 받고 있다. 세계적으로 2050년까지 2005년 수준으로 온실가스 배출을 감축하는 목표를 달성하는데 있어 CCS 가 전체 온실가스 감축량의 19%에 기여할 것으로 전망하고 있다. 또한 국내에서도 2030년까지 국가 온실가스 배출양의 10%에 해당되는 CO2 32백만 톤을 CCS 기술로 감축할 계획을 제시하고 있다. 그러나 CCS 는 온실가스를 저감하기 위해 기술적 노력과 연구를 하고 있으나, 생태계 및 환경에 대한 평가와 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 지중 및 해양에 저장되는 Co2는 온실가스 저감에 크게 기여하나 Co2 누출로 인한 지중 및 해양 생태계영향과 변화는 또 다른 문제를 발생시킬 수 있으며 그 영향을 아무도 예측할 수 없는 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Co2가 지구온난화의 물질이 아닌 생태계에 독성인자로 작용 될 수 있는 측면을 고려하여 CCS에 적용될 수 있는 전과정평가 방법을 제시하였다. Co2 가 생태계에 독성으로 작용될 수 있는 양과 농도를 규명하여 생태독성 특성화인자인 1,4-dichlorobeenzene(DCB) eq로 전환함으로써 전과정평가 기법을 CCS에 효과적으로 적용 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 제시한 CCS의 전과정평가 방법을 활용하여 지구온난화 및 생태계의 영향 측면을 모두 고려한 환경영향평가 해석이 가능하며 안전한 CCS 기술발전에 크게 기여할 것으로 기대된다. Carbon capture and storage(CCS) is a technique that aims to capture carbon dioxide(C02)from emissions and store it somewhere, thus it attracts public attention as a reduction method of the greenhouse gases(GHGs). To achieve GHGs reduction goal complying with 2005 level by 2050, internationally it is forecasted that CCS will reduce 19%of total greenhouse gas. Also, South Korea has a plan to reduce 32 million tons of C02 emission, which is 10%of total national GHGs,by using CCS techniques by 2030. There many technical efforts and researches for CCS system for GHGs reduction, however, there has been little study on ecological and environmental impact assessment and research for CCS system. The CO2 storage at underground and deep saline aquifer can contribute for GHGs emission reduction, however, the C02 leak from storage can affect ecological system and this cause other serious problems. Also we cannot expect its impacts. Therefore, in this study, we suggested a life cycle impact assessment method, which can be applied to the CCS system, as not a global warming emission but an ecotoxicity factor for C02 emission. When C02 emission is considering as an ecotoxicity emission, first we can identify the quantity and concentration of CO2, and then it can be translated to l,4-dichlorobenzene(DCB) equivalent value, which is ecotoxicity characterization factor. This life cycle impact assessment method can be applied to CCS system effectively. By using this suggested life cycle impact assessment method in this study, we can interpret in terms of global warming and ecotoxicity aspects and it will contribute for safe CCS technology development.

조건부가치추정법을 이용한 도로의 경제가치 추정에 관한 실증적 연구 -수원시 47번 도로건설계획을 중심으로

박기학 ( Ki Hak Park ) 한국환경경제학회·한국자원경제학회(구 한국환경경제학회) 2012 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.21 No.4

본 연구는 주택의 자산가치, 즉 부동산 가격에서 ``도로``가 차지하는 금전적 가치를 추정해보고자, 최초 아파트 분양 시 시공사 또는 분양대행사(시행사)가 아파트 인근의 ``신 도로건설계획``을 가장 큰 호재(好材)라고 내세웠으나, 아파트 입주 후 도로건설계획이 전면 무산된 실제사례를 선정하여 ``도로``의 경제적 가치를 조건부가치추정법(CVM)을 활용한 지불의사금액 (WTP)으로써 살펴보았다. 따라서 본 연구에서 도출된 WTP는 ``신 도로건설계획`` 무산 전 · 후 1년 간(2010년 9월~2011년 9월)으로 국토해양부에서 고시한 해당 아파트의 가격 변동치와 ``부동산 114``에서 발표한 시세(市勢), 그리고 해당 아파트 입주민들이 주장하는 아파트의 자산가치 변화에 따른 체감(體感)을 비교한 실증적 사례이다. 본 연구 분석결과 입주민들의 WTP는 집값의 약 10%정도로 조사되었으며, 이는 같은 기간동안 국토해양부에서 고시한 아파트가격 변동폭(10% 하락)과는 유사한 수준으로 나타났다. 그러나 ``부동산 114``에서 발표한 아파트 실물 거래시장에서의 시세하락 폭은 이보다 훨씬 더 큰 것(24%)으로 나타났다. 이처럼 아파트 분양 시호재(好材)로 작용 할 것이라던 ``도로건설계획``의 무산에 따른 파급효과는 주민들이 느끼는 것보다 훨씬 더 심각하게 아파트 시세(市勢)에 영향을 미친다는 것을 짐작할 수 있었다. 이는 WTP와 관련된 주택의 특성과 조사변인들에 대한 상관관계 분석에서도 통계적으로 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 주택 구매 시 ``도로``는 더이상 단순한 입지적 특성뿐만 아니라, 주택의 자산 가치를 결정하는 중요한 경제적 가치특성으로 평가되어야 할 것으로 사료되었다. The Purpose of this study was to assess the willingness to pay(WTP) for the new road construction plan(slip road of urban highway which was advertising extensively to reduce the time to the core of metropolitan area) on housing prices using contingent valuation method(CVM). And this study was an empirical study which was based on the consciousness of residents whose apartment was within the Suwon Si`s new plan of 47th road construction zone. In this study, it was revealed that the resident`s WTP for the plan of new road construction which was built on the neighborhood of apartment was within the 10 percent of housing prices that was similar to the standard declared price of MLTM(Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs). And also revealed that the difference of sale prices of real estate company was 24 percent. The statistical assessment results show that both the resident`s characteristic variables such as gender, incomes, size of apartment and the accessability variables such as distance to parks, schools, department stores, living facilities were positive effects on the prices of apartments significantly. Finally, the house has depreciated than that of MLTM and WTO since torpedoed the road construction plan. These results imply that, we have to take capital appreciation of the property into account due to road construction since the accessibility was very significantly positive internal effects on the apartment housing prices.

전과정평가(LCA)를 이용한 교량안 선정시 통합 LCC/VE 방법론(Triple V(TM))

박기학 ( Ki Hak Park ),정재수 ( Jae Soo Jung ),임송택 ( Song T. Lim ),장완복 ( Wan Bok Jang ),박상혁 ( Sang Hyouk Park ) 한국전과정평가학회 2005 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.6 No.1

이산화탄소 포집 수송 저장 누출의 전과정평가 연구

박기학 ( Park Ki Hak ),강헌 ( Kang Hun ),윤성택 ( Yun Seong Taek ) 한국전과정평가학회 2016 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.17 No.2

This study was set the scenario that carbon dioxide of 3 million ton per year emitted by coal-fired power plant was captured and compressed to a level of 95%, and stored underground. The composition of the impurities(5%) in the capture materials was assumed including the general air pollutant, such as CH₄, N₂O, NOx and Hg, etc, emitted by coal-fired power plant. Features of this study is not the purity of carbon dioxide, examinate the magnitude of the environment impact on the 1∼5% of impurities. In particular, the environmental impact of these impurities that appear high is examined. Through the CCS, net avoidance effect of global warming was 3.88E+09 kg CO₂-eq/kg. Weighting result due to leakage in the case of 1% leakage was 3.03E+05 Pt in the water system and 5.77E+03 Pt in the soil system. And Weighting result due to leakage in the case of 5% of leakage was 2.88E+04 Pt in the water system and 1.51E+06 Pt in the soil system. The cause of the environmental impact of the soil system is higher than the water system appeared by mercury(Hg) and weighting factor of mercury was larger caused in the soil system. According to the weighting results of the environmental impact, excepting mercury, 5% of leakage was 5.42E+03 Pt in the soil system. In this case, the avoidance effect was 3.38E+05 Pt. That is, excluding mercury, it was analyzed that CCS can reduce the environmental load. In the future, there is a need to further study the presence or absence of including an environmental impact assessment quantification of impurities and collecting materials for safe CCS. Also, it must quantify the environment effect of lower pH due to carbon dioxide and be a lot of research on the prediction of changes in the ecosystem.

환경성 경제성 통합 VE를 이용한 하,폐수처리시설 최적화 모델

박기학 ( Ki Hak Park ),송문곤 ( Mun Kon Song ),장완복 ( Wan Bok Jang ),정재수 ( Jae Soo Jung ),양명환 ( Myung Hwoan Yang ) 한국전과정평가학회 2006 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.7 No.1

PBL을 적용한 환경수업이 대학생들의 환경소양에 미치는 효과

박기학(Ki-hak Park) 대한환경위생공학회 2009 대한환경위생공학회지 Vol.24 No.2

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect on the university student' attitude toward environmental problem with PBL. The controlled group consisted of 80 students who was applied PBL and experimental group was applied a traditional teaching method was consisted with 80 students. The results is as follows ; First, there was a statistically meaningful differences in attitudes toward environment between two group(F=52.789, p<0.1). It shows that PBL is very effective in attitude toward environment. Second, there was a more meaningful increasing effect of student' consciousness of environmental problems before and after environmental education on the controlled group which was applied PBL than experimental group which was applied a traditional teaching method. Finally, in the literacy education of university student' related with environment problems recommend that PBL is more effective than that of traditional teaching method.

환경쟁점수업이 대학생의 환경소양 신장에 미치는 영향

박기학(Ki-Hak Park) 대한환경위생공학회 2008 대한환경위생공학회지 Vol.23 No.4

The goal of today's environmental education is to enhance the understanding of the serious of environmental problems and the interactions among environment. With this perspectives people need to be aware that environmental education is no longer a liberal arts in university education, but play a vital role within the socio-cultural context. This study was performed to assess the changes in the university student's attitudes and consciousness in real life after the education of a point at issues of environmental problems. For this study 11 questionnaires which were composed of large scale environmental problems(water and air pollution), and small scale environmental problems(food additives, GMO, endocrine disrupter) were performed with self-administered by university students(n=78l) who made a application for liberal arts related to environmental subjects. According to the analysis the most student's consciousness of a point at issue of environmental problems(water pollution, air pollution, additives, GMO, endocrine disrupter), and practical attitudes(i.e., practical attendant at congregation and internet voting) were change statistically significant(p<0.01) after the education of a point at issue of environmental problems rather than before. Specially, the score for the item of the large scale problem of environmental issues(water pollution, air pollution) were decreased significantly(p<0.01), but the score for the small scale problems, such as food additives, GMO, endocrine disrupter were increased significantly(P<0.01) after the education of a point at issue of environmental problems(p<0.01). And among the students that participated, 97.7% responded that such a point at issues of environmental problem is needed at the university. With this educational improvements supports the states that the education of a point at issue of environmental problems were more essential, practical and needed to students at university rather than that of an existing instruction. Thus, further studies are required to develop the education of environmental issues at universities like STSE programme.

LCA를 이용한 하상도로의 하천환경영향 연구

박기학(Ki Hak Park),장완복(Wan Bok Jang),강헌(Hun Kang) 大韓環境工學會 2007 대한환경공학회지 Vol.29 No.4

기후변화 대응을 위한 고무보시스템과 수처리 여과시스템의 선정 방안 연구

박기학(Ki-Hak Park),김극태(Keng Tae Kim),황윤빈(Yun-Bin Hwang),김서현(Seo-Hyun Kim) 대한토목학회 2019 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.10