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민경원,김진환 大韓成形外科學會 1979 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.6 No.2
Massive weight changes may affect the tone and even the amount of abdominal musculature; this, in turn, can affect the base of the pedicle. And when the major reference points are draped out of view and the abdominal wall is displaced during an abdominoplasty, the exact placement of the umbilicus is uncertain. The anatomical texts do not indicate a clinically useful reference point in these circumstances. Therefore, the author measured 292 normal korean females of ages 20 to 35 in order to find out average standard location of the umbilicus of korean female. The result of the measuring shows that the majority of the transumbilical plane were Ca. 3cm to 4cm above the iliac crest.