한국 근현대 과학사 연구의 성과와 과제: ‘한국 과학’에서 ‘과학 한국’까지

문만용 ( Moon Manyong ),신향숙 ( Shin Hyangsuk ) 한국과학사학회 2020 한국과학사학회지 Vol.42 No.3

This paper reviews the achievements of Korea’s modern and contemporary history of science research and presents some tasks to be solved. First, the English abstracts of 106 modern and contemporary papers published in The Korean Journal for the History of Science are categorized into five topics through text mining. It also examines the central themes of the literatures in five periods: the late 19th century, the Japanese colonial era, liberation to the 1950s, the 1960s to the 1970s, after the 1980s, and North Korea’s science and technology. In particular, it introduces recently published articles and books. We argue that an understanding of the times should be fully reflected upon, and that comparative studies are necessary to overcome a mononational perspective. Furthermore, we propose expanding the scope of research by increasing contacts with adjacent areas and introducing quantitative methodologies that can handle vast amounts of data. In addition, while studies so far have focused on the formation and identity of ‘Korean science’, future research should clarify the ‘scientific Korea’ created by such science.

한국 과학기술자들의 `탈식민주의 갈망`

문만용(Moon, Manyong) 호서사학회 2015 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.75

정미소에서 미곡종합처리장(RPC)까지

문만용(Moon, Manyong) 한국지역사회학회 2017 지역사회연구 Vol.25 No.2

Rice mills have not only been the main place of post-harvest grain management but also the center of financial transaction in rural areas. Due to insufficient political concern and research on post-harvest management, petty rice mills were built throughout the country in the 1950s. Accumulating wealth, the owners of rice mills became community leaders. As the Korean government and scientists have tried to improve post-harvest management technology since the late 1960s, rice mills gradually stagnated economically. The private journal of a owner of a rice mill, Changpyeong Diary, shows rise and fall of rice mills. This paper traces the development of post-harvest management technology focusing on RPC (rice processing complex). The RPC had the advantage of combining the various post-harvest management projects—harvest, dehydration, storage, distribution, and so on—that were sporadically promoted under the banner of scaled-up mechanization of the agricultural sector. But RPC has become the trigger of the decline of rice mills. The history of rice mills reflects rural society of the time, such as the drastic decline of the agricultural workforce. The development of post-harvest technology also demonstrates how short a new technology’s lifespan can be in Korea, a nation that underwent rapid, compressed modernization.

한국 과학기술 연구 체제의 형성과 발전

문만용 ( Moon Manyong ) 한국과학사학회 2016 한국과학사학회지 Vol.38 No.3

This study seeks to understand the compressed growth of science and technology in South Korea by examining the entire history of the na-tion`s science and technology (S&T) research system, with a focus on re-search organizations representative of each era following its liberation from Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945). Led by national research institutes, the period between 1945 and the mid-1960s saw the social birth of research institutes. Subsequently, up to the 1970s, a series of government-funded re-search institutes were established, thus forming infrastructures and human resource pools for research and development (R&D). With the full-fledged production of the fruits of R&D amidst the expansion of corporate research institutes in the 1980s, the influence of capitalist logic grew as a dominant variable in S&T. Shaped during this era and centering on large corpo-rations, the private sector-led research system has continued to this day. As universities belatedly exhibited a relatively high growth starting in the 1990s, a triangular research system consisting of public research institutes, corporations, and universities gradually came to strike a balance. The main driving force leading such changes in the research system has been the South Korean government`s science and technology promotion policy, deeply hidden within which is the agenda of the economic translation of science and technology.

일기로 본 박정희 시대의 ‘농촌 과학화’

문만용(Moon, Manyong) 한국지역사회학회 2013 지역사회연구 Vol.21 No.1

This paper examines the trend and characteristics of the scientification of rural society during the Park Chung Hee Era through an examination of two rural diaries, Changpyeong Diaries and Pyeongtaek Diaries. In the midst of accelerating industry and urban-centric economic development, a discourse on scientification was first presented to rural society in the mid-1960s when most farmers had economically hard lives. The scientification slogan of the “New Farmers Movement” advocated advanced farming technology and a rational daily life, which ultimately aimed at the modernization of rural society. In the 1970s, a widespread distribution of farming materials and equipments raised the possibility of carrying out scientific farming. However, as the government enforced new farming techniques through strong administrative power, scientific farming became a form of oppression. Despite rapid improvement of living conditions and farming techniques, the process and culture surrounding scientific farming and life were not rational, and the scientification of rural society was not always of positive development for farmers. It can be reasonably stated that this discrepancy between technology, culture, and convention was a typical characteristic of compressed modernization.

KIST에서 대덕연구단지까지

문만용(Moon Manyong) 역사비평사 2008 역사비평 Vol.- No.85

KIST was established as the first government - supported research institute (GSRI) in Korea and it was considered as a symbol of "the modernization of the fatherland". In the mid - 1970s, the Korean government, encouraged by the initial success of KIST, began to establish a series of GSRIs modeled after KIST. Korean President Park Chung - hee named a founder of the institutes in honor of his interest and understanding of science and technology. Although GSRIs led the nation in research and development, they raised some problems because too many similar institutes were founded in a short period. GSRIs could not help being influenced by a change of political environment since they mainly depended on the government's political and financial support. Finally, GSRIs had to experience the total restructuring after the death of President Park.

‘전국민 과학화운동’

문만용(Manyong Moon) 역사비평사 2017 역사비평 Vol.- No.120

The ‘Pan-national Scientification Movement’ was a science and technology popularization movement that was proposed in President Park Chung Hee’s press conference at the beginning of 1973 and subsequently became full-fledged. The South Korean Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) embraced it as a part of the ‘scientific and technological climate creation project’ that was already under way and encompassed within this scientification movement not only enlightenment projects targeting the public but also support for scientists’ and engineers’ professional activities. With the Minister of Science and Technology Choi Hyung Sup, who styled himself a ‘scientific bureaucrat,’ as a medium and with the Saemaul (“New Village”) Technical Service Corps as the executive organ, the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies (KOFST), the representative organ of scientists and engineers in South Korea, sought to demonstrate their raison d’être while actively participating in the Pan-national Scientification Movement. In the end, the KOFST, simultaneously the main actor and beneficiary of the scientification movement, was acknowledged for its roles and won the government’s support, thus bringing about the construction of the Korea Science Building, its long-cherished project, and the long-demanded establishment of the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF). Though the Pan-national Scientification Movement ultimately was a ‘top-down movement for scientific culture’, it was at the same time a ‘bottom-up movement for scientific politics’ for and by scientists and engineers as well.

국가의 대표 과학문화기관으로서 국립중앙과학관의 이상과 현실

신향숙(Shin, Hyang Suk),문만용(Moon, Manyong) 한국과학기술학회 2021 과학기술학연구 Vol.21 No.3

국립중앙과학관은 역사적 부침 속에서 연속과 단절을 거치며 명칭과 체제를 달리해왔다. 해방 직후의 국립과학박물관에서 현재의 국립중앙과학관에 이르기까지 영문 명칭은 National Science Museum으로 동일했지만 한국어 명칭은 조금씩 변화했고, 이는 당시의 사회 변화를 반영함과 동시에 과학관이 부여받았던 기대와 역할도 달라졌음을 시사한다. 이 중에서도 1990년 대덕연구단지로 이전해 국립중앙과학관으로의 새출발은 한국 과학관의 역사에서도 중요한 의미를 지니고 있다. 본 연구는 대덕 이전에 따라 국립중앙과학관이 새로운 역할과 책임을 부여받았으나, 이를 뒷받침하기 위한 제도적 장치가 확보되지 못하면서 발생한 이상과 현실의 괴리를 두 측면에서 분석했다. 하나는 국립중앙과학관이 한국의 대표 과학관으로 국내 과학관 네트워크의 구심체이자 상위기관으로 역할을 기대했으나 법률이나 행정체계가 충분히 갖추어지지 못하면서 발생한 문제이다. 그 결과 국립중앙과학관은 과학관협력망을 주관하고 과학관 운영인력 양성 등의 다양한 사업을 벌이고 있으나, 명목상의 ‘중앙’에 머물고 있으며 다른 국립과학관처럼 지역에 맞는 특성화를 추진하지 못하고 있다. 다른 하나는 대덕 이전 이후 주요 임무 중 하나로 국가연구개발 성과 홍보라는 기대와 역할을 부여받았으나 정부출연연구기관들의 미온적 태도와 이를 강제할 수단을 갖고 있지 않은 국립중앙과학관의 현실적인 한계에서 빚어진 문제이다. 결국, 이러한 괴리를 극복하기 위해서는 국립중앙과학관이 대덕연구개발 특구에서 산출되는 국가적 연구개발사업 성과의 수집‧관리‧전시에 더욱 역량을 쏟고, 이를 안정적으로 추진하기 위한 제도적 기반을 구축해야 한다. 국립중앙과학관은 지방이지만 한국과학기술 연구개발활동의 중심지인 대덕에 위치하고 있다는 지리적 강점을 최대한 활용함으로써 국가를 대표하는 국립중앙기관으로서의 위상을 되찾을 수 있을 것이다. The name and the system of the National Science Museum have experienced changes and continuities with the tides of its history. From Gungnipgwahak-bangmulgwan 국립과학박물관, the original name given to the museum when it was established in the immediate aftermath of Korea‘s liberation, to current Gungnip-jungang-gwahakgwan 국립중앙과학관, the name of the museum reflects how the broader social context as well as the expected role of the museum changed over time. Meanwhile, the English name of the museum, the National Science Museum, remained the same. Among these changes, the relocation to the Daedeok Science Town and the establishment of the National Science Museum in 1990 marks a benchmark moment in the history Korean science museums. This study analyzed the gaps between ideals and reality that emerged due to the lack of a system to support the new role and responsibilities of the National Science Museum as a representative science-culture institute of Korea, following its relocation to Daedeok. The National Science Museum was expected to play a role as a supervision institute for the nation’s science museum network as the leading science museum. However, in the absence of a sufficient legal and administrative system, it was impossible for the museum to meet this expectation. This led the National Science Museum to organize the science museum cooperation network and run various projects such as training programs for science museum operating staff for regional-level science museums. The drawback of such centralization efforts, however, is that the National Science Museum cannot promote regional specialization like other national science museums due to its nominally ‘central’-status. In addition, the lukewarm attitude of government-funded research institutes (GRIs) and absence of an enforcement mechanism present serious limitations to the National Science Museum’s expected role of the promoter of national R&D achievements and accomplishments of the GRIs. In order to overcome these gaps, the National Science Museum must devote more resources on the collection, management, and exhibition of national R&D program results produced in Daedeok Innopolis and establish an institutional foundation for stable promotion. The National Science Museum will be able to regain its status as the central national institution representing Korea’s science-culture and achievements by making the most of its geographical location in Daedeok, the axis mundi of Korean science and technology R&D.

「일기」를 통해 본 1970년대 농촌개발정책과 마을사회의 변화

이성호(Lee, SungHo),문만용(Moon, Manyong) 한국지역사회학회 2014 지역사회연구 Vol.22 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to examine the changes of rural lives and society through Changpyung Diary. During the 1970s, Korea experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization due to the central government’s modernization policy. State bureaucracy propelled rural development policy with state power dominant over the civil society, modern mindset and policy ability of the state elite. Formal modern elements, such as agricultural technology, village landscape, housing style, and the compression of distances between villages and cities were introduced in rural society during the 1970s. The fundamental characteristic of the rural changes in the 1970s was the relationship between the state power for the strengthening of the national mobilization system and the correspondence of rural residents to cope with the state power. The state could incorporate rural residents into the nation by overwhelming material domination and moral and intellectual hegemony. Under these circumstances, the state could mobilize the physical and spiritual efforts of rural residents. The state power could mobilize human, physical, and political resources from rural areas to achieve modernization effectively. The rural residents who were in adverse market positions wanted to recover their losses by depending on support from the state. The effects of the material and technological support from the state were very helpful not only for the individual and but also for rural communities. The vertical domination system of the state system over villages could only be attained by voluntary mobilization and participation of the residents.