초기 魯迅의 문예사상

김태만(Kim Tae Man)(金泰萬) 대한중국학회 2017 중국학 Vol.61 No.-

Lu Xun was dispatched to Japan as an overseas student in 1902. Then he went on to a medical college thanks to his knowledge of natural sciences learned in China. One day, however, both the desperation of overseas students from Qing Dynasity(淸朝) and the so-called “Stereopticon event(幻燈機事件)” forced him to drop out of school and turn to literature. This change resulted from his awareness that the rotting Chinese spirit could not be saved even though medical education could save one or two patients. In Tokyo, he launched a literary magazine titled XinSheng with his younger brother, Zhou Zuo-ren(周作人), a friend, Xu Shou-chang (許壽裳) and other friends, and tried to rush into the literary movement. He did not make it due to a loss of writers, funds, and public indifference. Nonetheless, a continuing sensation was created after his world point of view was published in a magazine titled Henan(河南). His overseas life did not last for long, and he was back in China where he should withdraw into ‘a room made of cast iron’. While the anti-imperialist and anti-feudalist movement was actively spreading, the XinQingnian(新靑年) was inaugurated, and Lu Xun broke his silence and published his writings. As a result, the ideas and philosophy of his youth were resurrected, and encountered the world again. Finally he was able to walk as “a full-fledged warrior of the spiritual world”. Here I attempt to analyze the meaning of the failure and resurrection of XinSheng through the process and content of Lu Xun s ideological consciousness, before and after the publication of XinSheng. 1902년 루쉰은 일본유학생으로 파견되어 국내에서 학습한 자연과학 지식을 바탕으로 의학전문대학에 진학해 의학도의 길을 걸었다. 그러던 어느날, 청국 유학생에 대한 멸시와 이른바 ‘환등기 사건’으로 돌연 자퇴하고 문학의 길로 전향한다. 의술이 한두명의 환자를 구할 수 있을지언정 썩어 있는 중국인의 정신을 구할 수 없다는 자각에서 였다. 토쿄에서 동생 저우쭤런(周作人)과 쉬서우창(許壽裳) 등 친구들과 문예잡지 『신생』을 창간해 본격적인 문예운동에 뛰어들고자 했다. 하지만, 상황은 녹녹지 않았고 필진, 자금 등의 고갈과 주변의 냉대로 인해 실패로 돌아가고 말았다. 그러나, 그가 그리고자 한 세계와 내용은 우연한 기회에 연결된 『허난(河南)』이라는 잡지에 발표되면서 일정한 반향을 일으켰다. 하지만, 유학생활은 오래가지 않았고, 귀국해 오랫동안 ‘무쇠로 만든 방’에 갖혀 침잠해야 했다. 반제반봉건 운동이 활발히 전개되는 가운데, 『신청년(新靑年)』이 창간되었고, 루쉰은 침묵을 깨고 글들을 발표해 나간다. 이로써 그의 청년기 사상과 철학은 고스란히 부활해 다시 세상과 만나게 되었고, 본격적인 ‘정신계의 전사’로 걸어 나갈 수 있었다. 본 논문은 『신생』 출간을 전후한 루쉰의 사상의식 전변과정과 내용을 통해 『신생』의 실패와 부활과정 등의 의미를 분석해 보고자 한다.

798예술촌, 도시의 흔적과 기억의 공간

김태만 ( 金泰萬 ) 현대중국학회 2012 現代中國硏究 Vol.13 No.2

3천년의 역사를 지닌 고도(古都) 베이징(北京), 현대화의 이름으로 과거와 전통이 ``철거`` 당하는 과정에서 베이징 사람들의 기억도 사라져 가고 있다. "중국=전근대=악"에 맞서 "서구=근대=선"의 이분법적 도식에 대한 강박과도 같이 철저하게 전통을 배제하고 지워가려는 욕망의 극대화 과정이 베이징의 모습을 왜곡하고 있다. 대표적인 것이 전통 고건축의 훼멸과정과 상반된 베이징 CBD의 건설은 베이징의 전통과 현대에 대한 극명한 대비를 보여준다. 그러한 속에서도 사회주의 이전과 이후의 결절점을 그대로 보여주면서 베이징의 기억을 간직한 공간인 798예술촌은 모순과 모순들로 엮여진 하나의 스토리로 부활하는 폐허의 꿈을 보여준다. 미국의 SOHO나 첼시와 다를 바 없이 ``버려진 공장의 예술적 부활``이긴 마찬가지이나, 798의 특징은 바우하우스(Bauhaus)라는 독일의 건축양식이 어떻게 21세기 베이징을 상징하는 하나의 문화 아이콘으로 부활하는 지를 보여준다. 베이징의 현대화는 올드(Oid)와 뉴(New)를 경계 짓는 주요 표지인 사회주의의 전(前)과 후(後)를 대비하면서도 크고, 높고, 넓게를 추구하는 베이징 건축의 현대적 욕망에 묻혀버릴 지도 모른다. 하지만 이와 달리 바우하우스를 리뉴잉하는 과정에 담아낸 사람들의 기억과 정서가 고스란히 녹아 있는 798공간의 예술적 부활을 재조명함으로써, 현대화 도시의 원도심 재생의 바람직한 방향에 대한 실마리를 찾고자 한다. Beijing has 3000 years of history but people in Beijing`s memories are disappearing because Beijing is getting modernize so the traditions are getting forgotten. Chinese separate like "China=Premodern=Evil" and "the West=Modern Times=Goodness" so modern Beijing is distorted. Especially the traditional buildings are disappearing and the CBD`s buildings are shows the differences between traditional buildings and the modern buildings. 798 has before and after of bad things of Socialism and memories of Beijing. And also 798 shows the ``Dream of reborn of ruin``. SOHO and Chalsea are in America and they are also the reborn of a factory that was derelict. But 798`s feature is Bauhouse and the style of Baohouse is from Germany and it shows how the 21st century`s cultural icon of Beijing reborn. Beijing people want to make big, high things that represents boundary of old and the new, contrast of before and after of socialism. But 798 ishad reborn as an Art center and it has memories and emotions of Chinese about renewing the Bauhouse. And that is the right wayRegeneration Method of Old Downtown in Modern China.

『海國圖志』에 나타난 魏源의 世界認識硏究

金泰萬),김태만(Kim Tae Man 대한중국학회 2015 중국학 Vol.51 No.-

In the 19 century, the Western naval powers including England overwhelmingly rushed to China since their earlier aggression to India and the other parts of Asia. The English merchants armed with naval forces illicitly sold opium to China to regain its trade balance from the Chinese market. Consequently, China rapidly went to be drawn into the world economic system which was leaded by England and this unstable shift of China caused the collapse of the Qing dynasty at last. Then Wei Yuan, the patriotic intellectual of the late Qing, believed that the reason of the invasion of the Western powers is due to their needs of trade with China and then developed his idea of the benefits from the trade between China and the West could be shared in the mutually beneficial and equal international trade. However, Wei Yuan felt that his belief would be realized only in the condition of China's possession of unbending force to that of the West. Therefore, He developed his idea of China would need to equip with strong defense abilities, well trained armed forces and armaments to protect itself from the West and he also came to realize the necessity of learning from the West which would be able to do so only after getting over from China's superior understanding to the West. This is the idea of the 'Yi-xia concept(夷夏論 the concept of differentiation of Non-Han and Han Chinese)' which had sprouted from 'the studies on Jingshi(經世學 the studies on practical aims of political and social guidance)' and later the Yi-xia developed into his philosophical thoughts. Wei Yuan insisted that China should learn from the West but maintaining its sense of being superior to it. These thoughts became Wei Yuan's motivation of writing the book, 'Haiguotuzhi(海國圖志 Illustrated Treatise of Maritime Nations)', in which he insisted to learn from the West so as to protect China from outer threats. From the understanding of Wei Yuan's patriotism to China with his idea of 'Yi-xia concept' and his academic tendency of the New Text school(今文經學派), we can find the early concept of nowadays Chinese dream connected with the idea of the modernization movement of China.

《삼보태감서양기통속연의(三寶太監西洋記通俗演義)》에 투영된 역사와 시대 의식

윤정화(尹正華),김태만(金泰萬) 동북아시아문화학회 2016 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.47

China has a long history of maritime affairs and never stopped researching the oceans. After reforming and opening up, China has witnessed a great change in economy, science, medicine, military etc. The commencement of “the 600 anniversary of Zheng He"s voyages” in 2005 and the release of “The Rise of the Great Powers” in 2006 had aroused a widespread concern in the country, which has shown the review of history is extremely popular and beneficial. This paper aims to discover the secrets from the process of the Zheng He"s voyages described in a book named “SanBao’s Expedition to the Western Ocean”, and explain its significance for the present economy, sea power, and marine consciousness development, meanwhile, to comprehensively show the remolding image of Zheng He and other characters in the historical background. “SanBao’s Expedition to the Western Ocean”, one hundred chapters to a total of two volumes, was published in the Ming Dynasty (1598). After many years’ compiling, the book described a story about Zheng He, who did not fear the danger to go to the Western. With the help of the Jinbi peak Zen master and Zhang Taoist master, Zheng He slayed demons, offered amnesty to minorities and hunted treasures. In the real history, the expedition to the western ocean was completed by Zheng He and Wang Jinghong. Novels are different from the history, the main reason is problem in the era of the author. It is the late Ming Dynasty, when everything was declining, foreign aggression was increasing and who wanted to complete a similar voyage alone is impossible. The author edited this novel to recall the prosperous period of the Ming Dynasty and criticize that present time. The book embodied the author"s ideas about loyalty, Taoism and marine consciousness etc. This paper first explained the author, the book, and the historical period to analyze the reason of establishing the image of Zheng He. Through describing Zheng He"s image, this paper reflected the China"s political, cultural and people"s thoughts in that era.