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金玉根 釜山水産大學校 1973 論文集 Vol.11 No.-
This paper is to study the changing process of the land system of the Yi dynasty. The Yi dynasty nationalized the land as the previous Koryo dynasty had owned all the land for herself, but this system could not be well maintained during the Yi Dynasty. The feudal Yi dynasty classified the land in the nation into public and private estates for ecnomic and financial purposes. The former is owned by the government, both central and local, military posts, public schools and other public agences, and thus these organizations collected the crops as rent and tax from the tenants according to a fixed rate, and the tenants, being serfdom, were subject to the arbitary decision of the Yangban class. The private estates were the Land assigned to Yangban aristcrats, the royal palace, the private schools and the Buddhist temples etc. During the ealier period of the dynasty, these private landlords, for their livings and for the management of the schools and temples, collected the rent in the manner that government had imposed taxed upon the tenants, and them for their own tax they paid a fifteenth of the collected rent to the government. The privately owned estates kept expanding in spite of the efforts on the part of the government to break off the expansion in the early period of the dynasty, and thus in 1465 King Sejo decreed an ordiance to the effect that officials in the government might hold land, and later, under King Song Jong, even the officials were not granteted to collect any rent from their land for themselves, and thus the rent was exclusively collected by the government, and thus the owners of the land were paid later through the government. After the Imjin war, new patterns of landholding and taxes were gradually emerging out of the dynasty, and government offices and military posts expanded their private lands, and on the other hand the Yangban ariscrats, new merchant class and royal families expanded rapidly their private estates which was called Nongjang. The owners of Nongjang exploited their sub-tenants a half of the harvest from the land as rent. Thus the principle of the state-owned system was almost collapsed at later period of the dynasty.
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李朝田稅制度硏究 : supplemented by a Comparative Study on the Fisheries-tax System 漁稅制度의 比較硏究 添加
金玉根 釜山水産大學校 1974 論文集 Vol.12 No.-
This paper is to study the evolutionary process of the land-tax system of the Yi dynasty and to analyze the fisheries-tax system as contrasted to the land-tax system during the period. Agriculture was the mainstay in the feudal Yi dynasty, as in the case of the other feudal states, and the dynasty was established basically on the state-owned real estate, therefore, the land-tax and the rent were the main sources of her revenue. The feudal Yi dynasty, being the landowner and the collector of land-tax and rent as well, did not regard the land-tax as a separated thing from the rent of the land. The amount of land-tax and rent were assesed in proportion to the produce of land and paid in kind in most cases, and varied yearly due to the fluctuation in the yield. Land-tax system was revised three times in the course of the Yi dynasty, and the system of the first was called as Tuphum Sonsil Bup, that imposed a tenth part of the yield in acordance with the indisputable assessment by the government officials. The objective of this system was mainly to support the mechanism of the feudal mode of reproduction, but it left much room for the irrational or arbitrary assessment of the tax on part of collector and thus caused many evils infliction much on the farmers and thus brought about the corruptions of the tax-administration. After many arguments among bureaucrats for preventing these cumulative evils and through the process of trial and error for some 15 years fom 10th to 26th year of Sejong era, the Gong Bup was established in 26th year of Sejong and put into effect. Though the Gong Bup did not have so much differences from the former system, it was to enlarge the scale of area of investigation for assessment of tax to a local administrative unit(Kun). In spite of the minor defects of the new system, the Gong Bup was practiced until the time of the Imjin was against Japan from 1592 to 1598. The reason for this was that the collector had not so much room to levy illegal or arbitrary tax than the Tuphum Songsil Bup accruing to the regulations in the above-mentioned system that enlarged the scale of area of assessment for an administrative unit. The Yong Jun Bup was to levy a fixed amount of tax upon a unit regardless of the change of the annual yield while the previous land-tax system had legally levied a twentith part of the produce. In spite of the fact that per unit agricultural produce was of a very flexible thing, to imopse a fixed amount of tax upon the unit on the basis of the Yong Jun Bup was to aggravate the burden of the peasants. But this Yong Jung Bup was practiced until the end of the dynasty, and along with evolution of the division of labour and the rises of commodity production and money econmy that started from 17 century accelarated the development of stratification of the peasantry. The law which had been practiced in the later period of the dynasty promoted the stratification of the peasantry, and thus brought about the disintegration in the feudal society forming three classes the peasantry, and thus brought about the disintegration in the feudal society forming three classes within the peasantry, that is, the rich, the middle, and the poor or sharecropper, and this meant the rises of the parasitic landowner class, who collected a half of the produce as rent. In the Yi dynasty, the fishing-ground, like the land, nominaly was owned by the government and levied taxes on it. In the early stage of the dynasty the rate of the tax was a tenth part of the produce, but later in 18 century the rate was increased up to the one fifth of the produce, and thus this tax in kind was converted into that of money, and it was of much later fact that the land-tax as well converted into money tax. Although the fisheries are a very unstable industry as compared with the agricultrual industry, the tax-system that levied fixed amount of tax for an each unit was carried out throught the reign of the kingdom. The fisheries-tax system was reformed in the 26th YoungJo(A.D. 1750) into a more rigorous system to aggravate the fisherman's burden as in the case of the Yong jun Bup, that had been practiced since 17 century and that eventually accelerated the stratification of the peasantry. A certain dichotomy is visible between the land-tax and the fisheries-tax, but it is not definite enough as to completely ignore the similarities in the practical and systematic face of those two taxations systems.
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Nd:YAG 레이저(532 nm) 출력에 따른 PMMA의 내부에 조사되어진 이미지 선명도에 관한 연구
김옥근,박소희,양경승,신용진,김영섭,김현진 조선대학교 기초과학연구소 2003 自然科學硏究 Vol.26 No.-
Since 1980 making the simple image and words had started with a set of the point made by the scanning of laser beam into a transparent material. This is used t o make memorial trophy and goods for tourist with the crystal transparent material. However the crystal has a fault that it is easy to broken for the shock difficult to processing of the changing shape and more heavy than other materials. This paper might revise that by using PMMA which is light in weight and low in price. The PMMA and crystal has alike refractive index And the PMMA also could be making the point to inside as ever crystal. I observed the visibility of images according to output power by use the pulsed Nd YAG laser It has been observed to make improvement in the visibility of images according to output power of the laser when the interval of points has the distance of 150㎛. And also the crack surrounding of points were influenced to visibility by scattering of light. The images become visible when the output power of laser is less than 90% and the number of point increasing.
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